tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-118078122024-03-14T04:01:29.776-04:00Recycled Knowledgeby John Cowan <<a href="mailto:cowan@ccil.org">cowan@ccil.org</a>>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.comBlogger281125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-14659188301475003692022-05-03T18:38:00.001-04:002023-02-15T16:13:07.165-05:00Doris Day's signature song, Transwoman Edition<p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZbKHDPPrrc"" target="_blank">[Doris Day singing "Que sera sera"]</a></p><p>Here's my lyric for the Transwoman Edition. To keep from running afoul of the copyright laws, I have to call this a parody, but it is certainly not meant to be disrespectful to either Doris Day or the trans community.</p><p>When I was just a little boy<br />I asked my mother, "What will I be?<br />"Will I be clever? Will I be rich?"<br />Here's what she said to me:</p><p>"Que sera sera<br />"Whatever will be, will be,<br />"The future's not ours to see,<br />"Que sera, sera."</p><p>When I grew up and fell in love,<br />I asked my lover, "What lies ahead?<br />"When will the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)`">Rainbow</a> fly everywhere?"<br />Here's what my lover said:</p><p>"Que sera sera" etc.</p><p>Now I'm a woman grown with children,<br />They ask their mother, "What will I be?<br />"Will I be female? Will I be male?"<br />I tell them tenderly:</p><p>"Que sera sera" etc.<br />What will be will be!</p><p><br /></p><p>ObLinguistics: The phrase "que será será" is not grammatical Spanish (nor even, as "che sarà sarà", grammatical Italian), although it has been used for at least four hundred years in English as an expression of cheerful fatalism. It's the result of a word-for-word translation, or rather mistranslation, from Italian using the interrogative pronoun "what?" instead of the relative pronoun "what". The pseudo-Spanish version is an attempt to make it more intelligible, or at least pronounceable, to anglophones.</p><p>The <i>they </i>in the second verse is meant to be ambiguous between a pronoun of non-binary gender and a pronoun of unknown gender; in the third verse it can take either interpretation or be a straightforward plural.</p>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-5982469613196075062020-12-25T18:08:00.004-05:002020-12-25T18:09:05.479-05:00Anthros, Indians, and more anthros<p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Serif", FreeSerif, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.29em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;"><i>This story has been sittting in an obscure comment on an obscure blog for more than a decade, and it's about time I published it here.</i></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Serif", FreeSerif, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.29em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">Long and long and long ago, my children, before the days of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" rel="nofollow" style="color: #5a0000;">AIM</a> and the repurposing of the word <i>indigenous</i>, there was a young anthropology student. And the young man was interviewing an Indian chief, and not merely a chief, but the eldest of his tribe, the only one who remembered the ways of his people now lost in the mists of time, replaced by Keds and Elvis and Coca-Cola, to say nothing of other and less innocent things.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Serif", FreeSerif, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.29em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">And the young man saw that the chief was sometimes faltering, sometimes doubtful in his answers, a little hesitant in his recall of the dead past. And betimes the chief could not answer the young man's question at all, and would repair to the inside of his house; for the chief, like the others of his people, had long since abandoned the Old Way of shelter in favor of the white man's houses, though to be sure not particularly good ones. And when the chief returned therefrom, his answers were fluid and unhesitating, detailed, complex, and most excellent in quality.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Serif", FreeSerif, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.29em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">And the young anthro began to wonder. "Perhaps there is a yet older chief within the house", he thought; "more knowledgeable, more wise — perhaps bedridden?" And so the young man broke the frame, and asked the chief wherefore he would go into his house and return with such wonderful answers.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Serif", FreeSerif, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.29em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">And the chief made no reply, but went into his house, thinking to himself, "This young man is very ignorant. He wishes to learn the ancient ways of my people." And the chief returned carrying a battered old book, and he was thinking, "By great good fortune, I have a book which tells of them. The ignorant young man does not, alas, possess this book. I will tell him what it says."</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Serif", FreeSerif, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.29em; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px;">With horror, the young man saw that the book which the chief held in his ancient hand was neither more nor less than the relevant volume of the <i>Handbook of American Indians</i> issued by the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology in the generation preceding. And the young anthro returned to his home, a sadder but a wiser man he.</p><div class="jetpack-comment-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-loaded" data-name="like-comment-frame-135469335-194-5fe66d5b4deae" data-src="https://widgets.wp.com/likes/#blog_id=135469335&comment_id=194&origin=opuculuk.opoudjis.net&obj_id=135469335-194-5fe66d5b4deae" id="like-comment-wrapper-135469335-194-5fe66d5b4deae" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Noto Serif", FreeSerif, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; min-height: 31px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 583.946px;"></div>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-3647577146066068272020-04-29T18:35:00.000-04:002020-04-29T18:35:36.832-04:00Response to Anatoly Liberman on simplified spelling<p>This is a response to Anatoly Liberman's <i>Oxford Etymologist</i> post <a href="https://blog.oup.com/2020/04/spelling-reform-not-a-lafing-matter/">"Spelling reform: not a 'lafing' matter"</a>.
<p>My general principle is that words with consistent spellings should be left alone, and words with inconsistent spellings should be changed. The idea is to make English about as hard as French: given a written word, we can reliably determine its pronunciation in our own accent, but not always vice versa. (A few double pronunciations, as for long and short single vowels and for stop and fricative "c", are in my view too deeply embedded to change.)</p>
<p>In particular, initial <i>kn</i> is always /n/, so it can and should be left alone. Likewise, <i>c</i> before a back vowel should be left alone when it is /k/; there is no more need to change <i>scan</i> to <i>skan</i> or <i>cesspool</i> to <i>sesspool</i> than there is to change <i>car</i> to <i>kar</i>. On the other hand, I would actually go further than you with <i>giraffe</i> and write <i>jiraf</i>, except that this would render it unrecognizable to speakers of other languages.</p>
<p>For syllable-final <i>gh</i>, I think it should remain where it is written today but be absolutely silent, not changing in any way the usual pronunciation of the preceding vowel. Thus since <i>au/aw</i> is a usual way of writing /ɔ/, let us keep <i>caught</i>, change <i>thought</i> to <i>thaught</i>, and change <i>bough</i> to <i>bow</i>. (The weapon, but not the gesture, becomes <i>boe</i>.) When the sound is /f/, write <i>ff</i> finally and <i>f</i> when a consonant follows or in a few international words like <i>clef</i> (musical). Thus for <i>laugh</i> I would write <i>laff</i> (already in jocular use), and likewise <i>laffing</i> for <i>laughing</i> (because <i>lafing</i> would suggest a long vowel pronunciation /eɪ/. The spelling <i>larf</i>, also in jocular use, I would reject because it is very misleading to Americans, Scots, and Irish people.</p>
<p>Masha Bell: I agree with the spellings <i>frend, sed, ruff, blud, munny</i> (not <i>muny</i>, which would rhyme with <i>puny</i>). However, changing <i>any</i> is more problematic. It must be replaced, for as written it appears to rhyme with <i>zany</i>, but to what? England and most of America would be well-served with <i>enny</i>, but the American South says <i>inny</i> due to a regular sound change, and Ireland says <i>anny</i> (and for them <i>any</i> is only slightly irregular). I think the majority must rule here, and I recommend <i>enny</i>.</p>
<p>In short and with a few caveats (I see no need for <i>dh</i> or <i>aa</i>) I would follow Axel Wijk's <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1SOL7jJrX1hzNseFbpbuQRZrIftpkKXXC"><i>Regularized English</i></a>. This is a scanned and OCRed PDF, but with some pages unfortunately out of order. It's rather a big book, but it serves not only as a simplified-spelling proposal but a detailed analysis of every letter, digraph, trigraph, and tetragraph in English and how they are used today. As such, it is invaluable to anyone interested in spelling reform of any sort. (It deals only with RP and General American, but one certenly can't/caan't hav evrything.)</p>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-39447799082192748602019-12-29T17:03:00.002-05:002019-12-29T17:03:39.053-05:00An Index to Alasdair Gray's translation of DanteThe late Alasdair Gray posted a translation into colloquial English of Dante's <i>Divine Comedy</i> into English, but it's hard to read on Blogspot because Blogspot's indexing is per-month and in reverse order. I have prepared a more sensible index and posted it here.<br />
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<a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/09/dantes-sublime-comedy.html">Title page</a>
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<a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-introduction.html">Translator's Introduction</a>
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Hell: <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/02/dantes-sublime-comedyhellchapter-1.html">1</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/02/dantes-sublime-comedyhellchapter-2.html">2</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/02/dantes-sublime-comedyhellchapter-3.html">3</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/02/dantes-sublime-comedyhellchapter-4.html">4</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/02/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-5.html">5</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/02/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-6.html">6</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/02/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-7.html">7</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-8_16.html">8</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-9_16.html">9</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-10_16.html">10</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-11_16.html">11</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-12.html">12</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-13.html">13</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-14.html">14</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedyhell-chapter-15.html">15</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-16.html">16</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-17.html">17</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-18.html">18</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-19.html">19</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-20.html">20</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-21.html">21</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-22.html">22</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-23.html">23</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-24.html">24</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-25.html">25</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-26.html">26</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-27.html">27</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-28.html">28</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-29.html">29</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/07/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-30.html">30</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/07/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-31.html">31</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/07/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-32.html">32</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/07/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-33.html">33</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/08/dantes-sublime-comedy-hell-chapter-34.html">34</a>
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Purgatory: <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/09/purgatory-chapter-1-introduction.html">1</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/09/purgatory-chapter-2-newcomers.html">2</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/09/purgatory-chapter-3-before-purgatory.html">3</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/10/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter.html">4</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/11/chapter5-more-not-yet-purified-i.html">5</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/12/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter.html">6</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/12/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_23.html">7</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/12/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_5469.html">8</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/12/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_6968.html">9</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2013/12/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_34.html">10</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/01/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_22.html">11</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/01/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_4017.html">12</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter.html">13</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_26.html">14</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_1825.html">15</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_1281.html">16</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_5884.html">17</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_2033.html">18</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_4961.html">19</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_5077.html">20</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/04/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_8074.html">21</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory.html">22</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter.html">23</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_9.html">24</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_9161.html">25</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_6669.html">26</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_2915.html">27</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/06/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_2716.html">28</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/07/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter.html">29</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/07/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_13.html">30</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/08/purgatory-chapter-31_17.html">31</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/08/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter.html">32</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2014/08/dantes-sublime-comedy-purgatory-chapter_17.html">33</a><br />
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Paradise: <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise.html">1</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-2.html">2</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/antes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-3.html">3</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-4.html">4</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-5.html">5</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-6.html">6</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-7.html">7</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-8.html">8</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-9.html">9</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter.html">10</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_25.html">11</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_11.html">12</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_3.html">13</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_15.html">14</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_76.html">15</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_90.html">16</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_68.html">17</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_37.html">18</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_10.html">19</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/03/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_82.html">20</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter.html">21</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_20.html">22</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/antes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-23.html">23</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_75.html">24</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_13.html">25</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_26.html">26</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/antes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter-27.html">27</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedyparadise-chapter-28.html">28</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_10.html">29</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedyparadise-chapter-30.html">30</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_50.html">31</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_30.html">32</a> <a href="http://alasdairgray.blogspot.com/2015/05/dantes-sublime-comedy-paradise-chapter_38.html">33</a><br />
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John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-37912366500546910352019-11-24T15:45:00.002-05:002019-11-24T16:03:22.246-05:00Regularized Inglish: rules<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Consonants:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">PIPE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">p, pp</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">BOB: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">b, bb</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">TUT: t, tt</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">DEED: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">d, dd</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">KICK: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">k, -ck, c(A), cc(A)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">KICK+WIN: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">qu, *cqu</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, also compositionally</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">GIG: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">g(A), gg(A), gu</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(I), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">gi-</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> usually, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">*g(I)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> sometimes</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">THOTH: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">th</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">FIFE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">f, ff</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">VALVE:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> v, vv</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">SIS: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">s, ss, c(I), *sc(I), ps-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ZOOS: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">z, zz, -s </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">plural and possessive, x initial, *</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">s</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">SHUSH: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, occasional unstressed: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">s(u), ss(u), se(V), sse(V), si(V), ssi(V)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ZHIVAGO: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">g(I)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> sometimes,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> s(u)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> unstressed, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">si(V)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> unstressed</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CHURCH: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ch, tch</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, occasional unstressed: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">t(u)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">JUDGE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">j, dg(I), *g(I)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> usually, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">*d(I)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> sometimes</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">YOYO: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">y(V)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">HAHA: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">h</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">WHITE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">wh</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">MIME: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">m, mm</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">NUN: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">n, nn, *gn-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">siNG: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-ng, ng</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(C)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">siNG+GIG: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ng</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(A)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">siNG+JUDGE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ng</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(I)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">siNG+KICK: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">n</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">k</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">LOLL:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> l, ll</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ROAR:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> r, rr, *wr-</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">KICK+SIS: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">x, cc</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(I), also compositionally</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vowels:</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">KIT: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">i</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> short,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> y</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> short</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">DRESS: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">e</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> short</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">TRAP/BATH: a short</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">TRAP+/r/: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-ar</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(V)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">LOT/CLOTH: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">o </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">short</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">STRUT: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">u </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">short</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">FOOT: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oo</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> short</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">NURSE: -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">er, er</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">C, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-ir, ir</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">C, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-ur, -ur</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">C, -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">urr, -yr, -yr</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(C)</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">FLEECE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">e </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">long, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ea, ee, -ie-</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">FACE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">long, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ai, ay, ei, ey, ae</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">* sometimes, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">*aigh, *eigh</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">PALM/BATH: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">aa, *a, *-ah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">THOUGHT: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">au, aw</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">GOAT: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">o</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> long, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oa, oe, *-eau</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">GOOSE (with or without /j/): </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">eu, ew, u</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> long, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ue, ui</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">GOOSE (without /j/): </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oo </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">long, </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">PRICE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">i </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">long, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-ie</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">y </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">long, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-ye</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">PRICE+/r/: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ir</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(V), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">y</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">r(V), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">*iar, *ier, *ior</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CHOICE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oi, oy</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">MOUTH: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ou, ow, *ough</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">MOUTH+/r/: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">our, owr, ower</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">NEAR: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ear, eer, er</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(V), i</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">er, er</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(V),</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> y</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">r(V)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">SQUARE: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">air, ayr, eir, eir, ar</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(V), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">er</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(V), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">err, *aer</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">START: -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ar, ar(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">C)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">NORTH: -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">or, or</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(C),</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">FORCE: -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oar, *-our</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> sometimes, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">our</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">C</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CURE (with or without /j/): </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">eur, ewr, ewer, uer, ur</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(V)</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">CURE (without /j/), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oor</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Reduced vowels:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">lettER; V</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">r, -our, -re, -ure</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">commA: V, -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ou(s)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">happY: -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ie, -y, *-ey</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100px;"></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Notes:</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Notations: * means “unproductive spelling”;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">parenthesized letters give context;</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">C, V, I, A mean “any consonant letter”, “any vowel letter”,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">i, y,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> or </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">e</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">”, and “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">a, o,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> or </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">u</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">” respectively.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Silent consonants: -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(e)t</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> in French borrowings sometimes,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">*</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">gh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">h </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sometimes, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><i>t </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">in unstressed </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-stle, -sten.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Long vs. short single vowels: a vowel in the last syllable is long</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if there is a silent -</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><i>e</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">;</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">a following double consonant marks a short vowel.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">most other vowels are short but many are long.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Minimal respelling: Words are respelled only if their</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pronunciation </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">is not valid by the rules,</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">but if a word is respelled, more than one</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">change may be made, as </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">dubble </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">for double. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Words are not </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">respelled merely to make them</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">fit more common patterns </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">or to disambiguate homonyms</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">The creation of new homonyms is avoided.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Unmarked distinctions: /ks/ vs. /gz/, commA vs. chickEn,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/θ/ vs. /ð/, /</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">j/ vs. no /j/ before GOOSE or CURE</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(except when spelled </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oo</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">),</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">vowel digraphs vs. separate syllables</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">create</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> does not rhyme with </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">street</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, nor </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">mishap </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">with </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">bishop</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)</span></div>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Blog posts: </span><a href="http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2005/07/regularized-inglish.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">intro</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, </span><a href="http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2007/02/regularized-inglish-theory.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">theory</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, </span><a href="http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2007/02/regularized-inglish-wordlists.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">wordlists</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.</span></div>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-38729719331236103022019-06-09T09:13:00.000-04:002019-06-09T10:20:47.278-04:00Blake's "Infant Joy" and "Infant Sorrow"<p>Here's a small selection from Blake's collection (originally two collections) of verses, <i>Songs of Innocence & of Experience Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul</i>. Of course, <i>contrary</i> does not mean <i>contradictory</i>. The most famous of the contrastive poems are "Tyger! Tyger!" and "The Lamb", but the ones I think that best show the contrast are "Infant Joy" and "Infant Sorrow, thus:</p>
<table style="border-spacing: 1em 0em">
<thead style="text-align:left">
<tr><td>"Infant Joy"</td><td>"Infant Sorrow"</td></tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="text-align:left">
<tr><td>‘I have no name:</td><td>My mother groan'd! my father wept.</td></tr>
<tr><td>I am but two days old.’</td><td>Into the dangerous world I leapt:</td></tr>
<tr><td>What shall I call thee?</td><td>Helpless, naked, piping loud:</td></tr>
<tr><td>‘I happy am,</td><td>Like a fiend hid in a cloud.</td></tr>
<tr><td>Joy is my name.’</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Sweet joy befall thee!</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Pretty joy!</td><td>Struggling in my father’s hands,</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sweet joy, but two days old.</td><td>Striving against my swadling bands,</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sweet joy I call thee:</td><td>Bound and weary I thought best</td></tr>
<tr><td>Thou dost smile,</td><td>To sulk upon my mother’s breast.</td></tr>
<tr><td>I sing the while,</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Sweet joy befall thee!</td><td></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-17245820357698394162016-10-07T12:16:00.001-04:002016-10-07T12:16:22.525-04:00TwitteringI am now twittering under the name, not of Sanders, but of @Woldemar_Avalon, because I am John Woldemar Cowan and my home city is New Avalon, or in English, the Big Apple. So far I am mostly using it as a publicly readable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonplace_book">commonplace book</a>: somewhere to write down the quotations that decorate my mental structure. Follow and enjoy.John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-48074225974507165152015-11-30T22:25:00.004-05:002015-11-30T22:25:35.080-05:00Out of the frying pan and into the fireOr as Bilbo put it, escaping goblins to be caught by wolves. After pretty much recovering from the meningitis and its psychological sequels, I stepped on a minute piece of glass in my kitchen. Although I had bled a bit, my wife Gale got the glass out, and I went to the podiatrist to be fixed up. The lesion was only 5 mm x 5 mm and 1 mm deep and looked fairly trivial. But within three days, I had massive cellulitis (bacterial infection of the skin) in the foot and lower leg. Foot trouble for diabetics is far worse than foot trouble for anyone else, and hey presto, I was back in the hospital being looked after by three separate teams of doctors: podiatry, infectious diseases, and family medicine (one of the analogues of general practice in the U.S.)<br />
<br />
Heavy-duty antibiotics relieved the pain in the leg (I feel no pain, touch, or temperature sensations in my feet, though I do feel pressure) within a few days, but the external signs were still very ugly. So my podiatrist decided to cut me open at the worst-looking spot, basically chopping from the top of my foot down almost to the sole. Fortunately, I've had no pain from this. More antibiotics and having my foot squeezed to get the pus out was pretty successful, and I was sent home after two weeks: a very different story from two days, but at least my mind wasn't affected this time. Of course, I'd gone from an infected foot to a wounded one (the trivial cut on my sole had healed already), though at least the wound was clean and straight.<br />
<br />
So I've been back at home for the last two weeks with a permanent IV line installed and a less comprehensive antibiotic, after I was found to have non-MRSA staph. The surgical wound is healing better than expected: fortunately, my gross circulation is fairly unimpaired (you can feel strong pulses in my feet), so it's quite likely that I'll come out the other side essentially as well off as before. (I have two permanently broken toes on that foot, but the don't impair my walking.) Meanwhile, I'm working from home and attending meetings by Skype, but only at 85% of full time thanks to all the doctors I have to visit repeatedly. I'm walking on the heel of the bad foot using a surgical shoe (a sort of sandal with a very stiff sole) plus a crutch on the good side, and hopefully will be upgraded to something less restrictive after tomorrow. Again hopefully, the IV will be terminated after Wednesday.<br />
<br />
Oddly, no connection was ever found between the glass cut on my sole and all the pus in my foot, so just how the staph got into my foot remains completely unexplained. Gale, who is not diabetic, had had cellulitis a month before, but she had a visible scratch on her leg, and two days in the hospital on IV fixed her right up. Also, the cold I mentioned turned out to be an allergy, which nose drops are slowly clearing. Nothing has been done about the low hemoglobin yet, and I also will have to see a vascular surgeon when I can walk again.John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-54210730101299216972015-10-17T11:50:00.000-04:002015-10-19T12:55:48.652-04:00Getting sick and getting betterThis post is mostly meant to account for what has happened to me since August 23, with some explanation of the things I have posted on the Internet lately. It will be of interest, if at all, to (a) people interested in me and my physical, mental, and emotional state; (b) people interested in certain medical matters which I exemplify; (c) people who are puzzled by my recent lack of postings followed by rather oddball postings and private emails (or remarks, if you know me in person).<br />
<br />
I will mostly state what happened to me in the order it happened.<br />
<br />
On August 23, I left work very ill, and arrived home shortly thereafter, where I was found to have a fever. I took acetaminophen to try to reduce the fever, and rested. On August 25, I went to an internist and received a diagnosis of strep throat (although my throat did not hurt) based on a quick strep test. I was then given a large penicillin injection to kill the strep organism, though I was told it would not much shorten the course of my disease. I was advised to rest and drink fluids so<br />
that I would not become dehydrated from the fever.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, there were two mistakes here. One was that the positive result on the test was false, and therefore the penicillin was useless though harmless. The other was that because I had undergone <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roux-en-Y_anastomosis">roux-en-Y surgery</a> in December 2012, it was impossible for me to drink sufficient fluids sufficiently quickly to avoid dehydration. Over the period from at least August 23 on, therefore, I was suffering from an unknown illness, which turned out to be two illnesses: viral meningitis, and an upper-respiratory viral infection in the nature of a cold. I was also, as a result of the fever, suffering from progressive but unsuspected dehydration.<br />
<br />
On October 1, I went to another internist; due to a change in my insurance between August 25 and October 1, my first internist could not see me unless I paid him cash in full on the spot. This second internist ran further tests establishing that I did not have the flu, or pneumonia, or any of a variety of other diseases, but could find no specific disease. I was again sent home and told to rest (which I did) and drink additional fluids (which I did not and could not). The cold was evident at this point, but did not account for the fever; the meningitis was as yet unsuspected.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, of the two fever-reducing drugs I was told to take, one (acetaminophen) was effective but easy to overdose on, so I could only take it in limited amounts. Either for that reason, or because of the natural course of the meningitis, I was feverish on some days but not other days. The other drug (ibuprofen) was also effective, but had the bad side effect of causing me to shiver. In order to stop shivering, I had to add outside warmth (a blanket was insufficient), which would revive the fever. When I finally noticed this pattern, I stopped taking ibuprofen, but continued to take acetaminophen.<br />
<br />
The ongoing and untreated dehydration had several side effects. For one thing, my blood sugar (I am a diabetic) went some 200 points above my previous worst-case reading, which was itself some 200 points above non-diabetic normal. Another was that I urinated less than usual, and with darker urine. Yet another was that I found it hard to draw blood for blood-sugar tests. My thinking function became disordered, not only when I was feverish (a familiar phenomenon enough) but also when I was not feverish. As a result I began to fear that even if I recovered from whatever I had (besides the cold), my thinking would remain disordered, and I would be unable to work thereafter. (I did not fear absolute starvation for myself and my family, but I know too well how difficult the life of a partly mentally disabled person in the United States is.) Lastly, I began to stop producing normal tears, so that my eyes partly dried out.<br />
<br />
Due to the dry eyes and the high blood sugar, I decided to go to the emergency room on October 5th. I was admitted to the hospital (something I do not remember) and was put on IV fluids and a Foley catheter (a device which causes urine to flow out of my bladder through my urethra into a bag without volition on my part). I was also found to have a bacterial infection in my blood and my kidneys, for which I was put on antibiotics.<br />
<br />
Investigation of the blood work done on the 25th but never yet looked at revealed that I had never had strep throat. I was given a lumbar puncture in the hospital, which finally diagnosed the viral meningitis that I had had since the 23rd. This was now passing off, as the virus was no longer active (nor would there have been any treatment other than supportive treatment if it had been).<br />
<br />
On October 7th, the hospital concluded that I no longer needed fluids and removed the fluid bags from my arms. On the same day, I demanded that the hospital remove the IV taps (under the specious claim that they hurt me), and later that day signed myself out of the hospital against medical advice, as I could see that the hospital had nothing to offer me medically, and was only trying to keep me in a bed out of an abundance of caution.<br />
<br />
I wanted to leave because, as is often the case in hospitals, I had had very bad nights there, being unable to sleep well. Furthermore, I had a roommate who was dying of terminal cancer and kept insisting that the hospital release him; sometimes he lost his grip and believed instead that he was no longer in the hospital but in a police precinct, a Chinese restaurant, or some other presumably non-existent location. The fact that during one period there were in fact police in his room, apparently to protect the hospital staff from his aggressiveness, no doubt tended to confirm this particular delusion. Although I was recovering from the meningitis and dehydration that had disordered my thinking, being exposed to all this nonsense was also disordering it, leading me to conclude that it was outright mentally harmful (and not physically beneficial) for me to be in the hospital.<br />
<br />
Indeed, I had come to believe that if I died in the hospital (as seemed likely in my disordered state of thinking, though objectively it was not) that I would be dying in Hell, something I desperately wanted to avoid. The impersonal treatment I received seemed to underscore this. So I came home, still suffering from the same cold, but free of meningitis and fever, and cured of my blood and kidney infections as well as my dehydration. Once I had a good night's sleep at home, many of my mental issues were relieved.<br />
<br />
I went to a third internist on October 9th, who had access to my hospital records and in fact had been the one who had admitted me to the hospital: he told me several more diseases I did not have (though two remained, and as far as I know still remain, possible; though they had not grown out on a bacterial culture, they might still do so). By his advice, I spent the next few days recovering from both my sickness and my bad hospital experiences, began to work (without going to the office) on October 12, and went to the office for the first time October 13 and for the second time on October 14. I had gone to the office, unwisely, on another day (I forget which one) sometime early in October, but got little done that day. On October 19 I will be seeing yet a fourth doctor, an infectious-disease specialist who saw me briefly in the hospital.<br />
<br />
The upshot is that while my thinking is no longer (I believe) disordered in general, I still suffer from the fear that it may be disordered in particular instances. Therefore I have been asking questions whose answers may seem obvious, and making remarks whose truth surely is obvious, to outside observers. I am doing this not to be funny, nor to be ironic (to pretend to know less than I know) but to reassure myself that I am in fact understanding correctly and reasoning correctly. Since my confidence in my thinking (as opposed to my thinking itself) may take some time to restore, this may continue for some time.<br />
<br />
I hope I have been sufficiently clear in writing this. I am entirely open to answering any questions, in the comments or privately, about any part of my experiences.<br />
<br />
<b>Update: </b> It turns out the blood poisoning and kidney infection were <i>not</i> confirmed by the lab test, so things weren't quite as bad as they were thought to be. My mind continues to clear. However, my hemoglobin is only about 60% of what it should be (probably accounting for my continuing fatigue), so here beginneth a new round of doctor visits and lab tests.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-47407000468441267382014-02-01T21:18:00.002-05:002015-10-17T11:52:35.492-04:00I'm being laid off ...... so I'm looking for work. Though I've been a programmer most of my professional life, I've spent the last four years doing document schema design and ontology. I have survived quite a lot of generations of programming technologies, so I am nothing if not adaptable. For any given tech-of-the-moment, my answer is "I may not know it yet, but I will know it very quickly."<br />
<br />
If you, my readers, know of anything either in New York City or its environs, or in telecommuting land (I've been working mostly-at-home for the last four years, and especially in the past year), I would certainly like to hear about it. Here's my resume in <a href="http://www.ccil.org/~cowan/resume.doc">Word</a> and <a href="http://www.ccil.org/~cowan/resume.pdf">PDF</a> formats, and you can contact me at <a href="mailto:cowan@ccil.org">cowan@ccil.org</a>.<br />
<br />
<b>Update: </b> After working a bunch of short-term consulting jobs, I am now employed full-time as a back-end programmer and team lead at <a href="http://www.tablethotels.com/">Tablet Hotels</a>, an online travel agent specializing in boutique and specialized hotels, which we check out individually.John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-67860770449433127182014-01-07T17:39:00.001-05:002023-07-30T16:22:53.766-04:00U.K. Whacking Latin Keyboard for WindowsI'm announcing my <a href="http://vrici.lojban.org/~cowan/WhackingLatinKeyboard.zip">UK Whacking Latin family of keyboard drivers</a> for Windows. They allow you to type more than 900 different Unicode characters, without interfering substantially with the regular use of a UK keyboard. The way in which the additional non-ASCII characters are reached is by using the AltGr key.<br />
<br />
The keyboards are designed for people who use the regular or extended UK keyboard heavily, but occasionally need to type other Latin letters (especially accented ones), symbols, and punctuation. In particular, the keyboard supports the Windows-1252 (U.S. and Western Europe) repertoire, as well as almost every Latin letter in Unicode.<br />
<br />
This keyboard handles only the extended Latin alphabet. If you want a regular Greek, Russian Cyrillic, or full IPA keyboard, I recommend the standard Microsoft Greek keyboard, the <a href="http://winrus.com/kbd_e.htm#p1251">Russian Phonetic YaWert keyboard</a>, and the <a href="http://lingua.melroch.se/bxs/">Benct X-Sampa keyboard</a> respectively.<br />
<br />
If you want a similar keyboard driver for the US physical keyboard, use my <a href="http://vrici.lojban.org/~cowan/MobyLatinKeyboard.zip">Moby Latin keyboard driver</a> instead.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
There are two basic ways to type characters other than the regular ASCII set. A few characters are directly typed by holding down AltGr and pressing another key. For example, to type the character æ, simply type AltGr+a. As you might expect, the capital version Æ is typed as AltGr+Shift+a. However, the great majority of characters are typed using AltGr plus some key, followed by another key that doesn't use AltGr. For example, the letter a with diaeresis (ä) is typed with AltGr+; (that is, AltGr plus semicolon) followed by a, or by A if you want the capital a with diaeresis (Ä).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Combinations like AltGr+; are known as "dead keys", because they appear to be dead when you type them; you need to press a following key to actually input a character. The current version, F, of the Whacking Latin keyboard has a total of 33 dead keys. 23 specific accent marks and modifying strokes are provided, as well as curly quotation marks and other punctuation, math symbols, Roman numerals, fractions, arrows, pointing hands, math Greek letters and symbols (no accents), obscure Latin letters, and a subset of IPA letters needed for English. (Some math symbols were taken from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard">space cadet keyboard</a>.) Some of these dead keys are typed using AltGr+Shift, which makes them a little awkward to type, but they are intended to be as easy to remember as possible.<br />
<br />
<b>Update: </b>There are four variants in the Whacking Latin family: Whacking John, which is meant for English only; Whacking Sandy, which is meant for English and Scottish Gaelic; Whacking Mick, which is meant for English and Irish; and Whacking Taffy, which is meant for English and Welsh. They all have the same repertoire of characters, but the last three variants make it easier to type texts in those specific languages. Whacking John is upward compatible with Microsoft's UK keyboard, and Whacking Sandy with Microsoft's UK Extended keyboard, except for the AltGr combinations on those keyboards.</div><div><br /></div><div>You can look at <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/sracan/Whacking/README.html">the README file</a> to see the full range of characters that can be typed.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
These keyboards and the associated documentation are Open Source, and may be freely copied and modified. The license terms for all is the <a href="http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">MIT License</a>. Use, share, and enjoy!</div>
</div>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-23051417757116852652013-11-16T12:41:00.000-05:002013-11-16T12:41:02.649-05:00How many languages is that? <br />
Serbo-Croat? Serbian? Croatian? Bosnian? Montenegrin? How many languages is that? Saying that there are four languages, or that there is one, are both oversimplifications. Here's an approximation of the whole truth:<br />
<br />
In the linguist's sense, there is just a single language, a South Slavic dialect continuum with a dozen or more dialects and four standardized forms. However, Standard Serbo-Croat, which prevailed until 1989, was never a single standard. Rather, it was a fusion of two existing standards, an agreement that Standard Croatian and Standard Serbian (both of which already existed) would be treated as equally acceptable for all purposes. In this way it is like the position of Standard Bokmål and Standard Nynorsk in Norway, and like what would be the case if British society decided to accept Standard American English as a written standard with a status equal to Standard British English, or vice versa. It is that agreement which came apart when Yugoslavia did, and it has been followed by the creation of a third standard for Bosnian and a fourth one for Montenegrin.<br />
<br />
All four standard languages are founded on the historic dialect of Eastern Hercegovina, an instance of the neo-Štokavian macro-dialect which is now the most widely spoken variety of <i>naš jezik</i> 'our language', as it is politely called, in the whole of the former Yugoslavia. (Macro-dialects are conventionally labeled by the word they use for 'what?' — in this case, <i>što</i>.) They differ roughly as follows:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Standard Croatian employs exclusively Ijekavian forms (that is, the descendant of historic <i>jat </i>vowels is <i>ije</i>), admits influences from the Chakavian and Kajkavian macro-dialects, is relatively hostile to Western loanwords and does not normally respell the ones it accepts, and is written exclusively in the Latin script.<br /><br /></li>
<li>Standard Serbian allows either Ijekavian or Ekavian forms, has no such influences from the other macro-dialects, is relatively friendly to Western loanwords and respells the ones it accepts to match Serbian pronunciation conventions, and is written with equal acceptability in the Latin and Cyrillic scripts.<br /><br /></li>
<li>Standard Bosnian is close to Standard Serbian, has some influences from the palaeo-Shtokavian macro-dialect, is exclusively Ijekavian, and uses the Latin script only.<br /><br /></li>
<li>Standard Montenegrin is even closer to Standard Serbian, but it uses the Latin script only and is exclusively Ijekavian.<br /></li>
</ul>
<br />
There are also many differences in vocabulary, on about the same scale as the differences between British and American English.
<br />
<br />
My understanding is essentially dependent on the work of Miro Kačić, the Croatian linguist (in both senses of that term). While highly respected, Kačić's work is of course controversial, like everything else about the language he worked on.
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-63508845946210536952013-09-07T17:53:00.001-04:002023-07-30T16:24:33.126-04:00U.S. Moby Latin Keyboard for WindowsI'm announcing my <a href="http://vrici.lojban.org/~cowan/MobyLatinKeyboard.zip">U.S. Moby Latin keyboard driver</a> for Windows. It allows you to type more than 900 different Unicode characters, without interfering substantially with the regular use of a U.S. keyboard. The way in which the additional non-ASCII characters are reached is by using the AltGr key. (Not too many keyboards actually have this key, but its equivalent is the right-hand Alt key, or on keyboards without a right-hand Alt key, using the Ctrl and Alt keys at the same time.)<br />
<br />
The keyboard is designed for people who use the regular U.S. keyboard heavily, but occasionally need to type other Latin letters (especially accented ones), symbols, and punctuation. In particular, the keyboard supports the Windows-1252 (U.S. and Western Europe) repertoire, as well as almost every Latin letter in Unicode.<br />
<br />
This keyboard handles only the extended Latin alphabet. If you want a regular Greek, Russian Cyrillic, or full IPA keyboard, I recommend the standard Microsoft Greek keyboard, the <a href="http://winrus.com/kbd_e.htm#p1251">Russian Phonetic YaWert keyboard</a>, and the <a href="http://lingua.melroch.se/bxs/">Benct X-Sampa keyboard</a> respectively.<br />
<br />
If you want a Moby-style keyboard driver for the U.K. physical keyboard, use my <a href="http://vrici.lojban.org/~cowan/WhackingLatinKeyboard.zip">Whacking Latin keyboard driver</a> instead.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
There are two basic ways to type characters other than the regular ASCII set. A few characters are directly typed by holding down AltGr and pressing another key. For example, to type the character æ, simply type AltGr+a. As you might expect, the capital version Æ is typed as AltGr+Shift+a. However, the great majority of characters are typed using AltGr plus some key, followed by another key that doesn't use AltGr. For example, the letter a with diaeresis (ä) is typed with AltGr+; (that is, AltGr plus semicolon) followed by a, or by A if you want the capital a with diaeresis (Ä).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Combinations like AltGr+; are known as "dead keys", because they appear to be dead when you type them; you need to press a following key to actually input a character. The current version, C, of the Moby Latin keyboard has a total of 33 dead keys. 23 specific accent marks and modifying strokes are provided, as well as curly quotation marks and other punctuation, math symbols, Roman numerals, fractions, arrows, pointing hands, math Greek letters and symbols (no accents), obscure Latin letters, and a subset of IPA letters needed for English. (Some math symbols were taken from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-cadet_keyboard">space cadet keyboard</a>.) Some of these dead keys are typed using AltGr+Shift, which makes them a little awkward to type, but they are intended to be as easy to remember as possible.</div><div><br /></div><div>You can look at <a href="https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/sracan/Whacking/Moby.html">the README file</a> to see the full range of characters that can be typed.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This keyboard and the associated documentation are Open Source, and may be freely copied and modified. The license terms for both is the <a href="http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">MIT License</a>. Use, share, and enjoy!</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-49348556844675789232013-01-02T13:37:00.000-05:002013-01-02T23:49:44.668-05:00A Tolkien VirginBack in 1999-2002, starting before the Peter Jackson films had appeared, a blogger named Mark-Edmond Howell undertook to read the whole of <i>The Silmarillion, The Hobbit,</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> in that order and to write chapter-by-chapter commentary in <i>Tolkien Online</i> as he went. As he himself says, he had started <i>The Hobbit</i> some years before but not gotten very far into it, and was vaguely aware of some of the pre-Jackson films. While <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">theonering.net</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> has undertaken to </span>lovingly <span style="font-family: inherit;">preserve </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">A Tolkien Virgin</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">, their index is in reverse order of posting (which sometimes differs slightly from book order), and is chopped up arbitrarily, making it hard to navigate. As a public service, therefore, I am providing this organized and properly ordered table of contents to </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">A Tolkien Virgin</i><span style="font-family: inherit;">, using chapter titles rather than numbers in all cases (Book IV, Chapter 4, what's that? "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit", ahhhh!) Share and enjoy. And as Mark-Edmond says, keep thinking!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Introductory</span><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-first-in-a-series">"The first in a series"</a></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>The Silmarillion</i></span><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-journey-begins-pre-amble">"The journey begins"</a></li>
<li><i><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-ainulindal-235-the-journey-continues">Ainulindale</a></i></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-ainulindale-valaquenta-the-journey-continues"><i>Valaquenta</i></a></li>
<li>The Quenta Silmarillion</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-beginning-of-days-the-journey-continues">Of the Beginning of Days</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-aule-and-yavanna-the-journey-continues">Of Aule and Yavanna</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-coming-of-elves-and-the-captivity-of-melkor-the-journey-continues">Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-thingol-and-melian-the-journey-continues">Of Thingol and Melian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-eldamar-and-the-princes-of-the-eldalie-the-journey-continues">Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-feanor-and-the-unchaining-of-melkor-the-journey-continues">Of Feanor and the Unchaining of Melkor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-silmarils-and-the-unrest-of-the-noldor-the-journey-continues">Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-darkening-of-valinor-the-journey-continues">Of the Darkening of Valinor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-flight-of-the-noldor-the-journey-continues">Of the Flight of the Noldor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-sindar-the-journey-continues">Of the Sindar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-men-the-journey-continues">Of Men</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-sun-and-moon-and-the-hiding-of-valinor-the-journey-continues">Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-return-of-the-noldor-the-journey-continues">Of the Return of the Noldor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-beleriand-and-its-realms-the-journey-continues">Of Beleriand and its Realms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-noldor-in-beleriand-the-journey-continues">Of the Noldor in Beleriand</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-maeglin-the-journey-continues">Of Maeglin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-coming-of-men-into-the-west-the-journey-continues">Of the Coming of Men into the West</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-ruin-of-beleriand-and-the-fall-of-fingolfin-the-journey-continues">Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-beren-and-luthien-the-journey-continues">Of Beren and Luthien</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-fifth-battle-nirnaeth-arnoediad-the-journey-continues">Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-turin-turambar-the-journey-continues">Of Túrin Turambar</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-ruin-of-doriath-the-journey-continues">Of the Ruin of Doriath</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-tuor-and-the-fall-of-gondolin-the-journey-continues">Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-of-the-voyage-of-earendil-and-the-war-of-wrath-the-journey-continues">Of the Voyage of Earendil and the War of Wrath</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-summary-of-the-silmarillion-the-journey-continues">"Summary of the <i>Quenta Silmarillion</i>"</a></li>
</ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-akallabeth-and-epilogue-the-journey-continues">Akallabêth</a> (including Mark-Edmond's epilogue to <i>The Silmarillion)</i></li>
<li>Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age (not read by Mark-Edmond)</li>
</ul>
<div>
<i>The Hobbit</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
Note that some commentaries cover two or even three chapters.</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-an-unexpected-party-the-journey-continues">An Unexpected Party</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-2-3-4-the-journey-continues">Roast Mutton</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-2-3-4-the-journey-continues">A Short Rest</a> (included with above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-2-3-4-the-journey-continues">Over Hill and Under Hill</a> (included with above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-chapter-5-the-journey-continues">Riddles in the Dark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-6-and-7-the-journey-continues">Out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-6-and-7-the-journey-continues">Queer Lodgings</a> (included with<span id="goog_1757363152"></span><span id="goog_1757363153"></span><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/"></a> above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapter-8-the-journey-continues">Flies and Spiders</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-9-10-the-journey-continues">Barrels out of Bond</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-9-10-the-journey-continues">A Warm Welcome</a> (included with above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-11-12-the-journey-continues">On the Doorstep</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-11-12-the-journey-continues">Inside Information</a> (included with above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-13-14-the-journey-continues">Not at Home</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-13-14-the-journey-continues">Fire and Water</a> (included with above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-15-16-and-17-the-journey-continues">The Gathering of the Clouds</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-15-16-and-17-the-journey-continues">A Thief in the Night</a> (included with above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-15-16-and-17-the-journey-continues">The Clouds Burst</a> (included with above)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-18-and-19-the-hobbit-journey-ends">The Return Journey</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-hobbit-chapters-18-and-19-the-hobbit-journey-ends">The Last Stage</a> (included with above)</li>
</ul>
<div>
<i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Book I</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-prologue-chapter-1-the-journey-continues">A Long-expected Party</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-2-the-journey-continues">The Shadow of the Past</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-3-the-journey-continues">Three Is Company</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-4-the-journey-continues">A Short Cut to Mushrooms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-5-the-journey-continues">A Conspiracy Unmasked</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-6-the-journey-continues">The Old Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-7-the-journey-continues">In the House of Tom Bombadil</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-8-the-journey-continues">Fog on the Barrow-downs</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-9-the-journey-continues">At the Sign of The Prancing Pony</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-10-the-journey-continues">Strider</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-11-the-journey-continues">A Knife in the Dark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-chapter-12-the-journey-continues">Flight to the Ford</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-1-overview-the-journey-continues">"Book I Overview"</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Book II</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-1-the-journey-continues">Many Meetings</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-2-the-journey-continues">The Council of Elrond</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-3-the-journey-continues">The Ring Goes South</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-4-the-journey-continues">A Journey in the Dark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-5-the-journey-continues">The Bridge of Khazad-dûm</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-6-the-journey-continues">Lothlórien</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-7-the-journey-continues">The Mirror of Galadriel</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-8-the-journey-continues">Farewell to Lórien</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-9-the-journey-continues">The Great River</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-fellowship-of-the-ring-book-ii-chapter-10-the-journey-continues">The Breaking of the Fellowship</a></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div>
<i>The Two Towers</i></div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Book III</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-1-the-journey-continues">The Departure of Boromir</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-2-the-journey-continues">The Riders of Rohan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-3-the-journey-continues">The Uruk-hai</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-4-the-journey-continues">Treebeard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-5-the-journey-continues">The White Rider</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-6-the-journey-continues">The King of the Golden Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-7-the-journey-continues">Helm's Deep</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-8-the-journey-continues">The Road to Isengard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-9-the-journey-continues">Flotsam and Jetsam</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-10-the-journey-continues">The Voice of Saruman</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iii-chapter-11-the-journey-continues">The Palantír</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Book IV</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-1-the-journey-continues">The Taming of Sméagol</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-2-the-journey-continues">The Passage of the Marshes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-3-the-journey-continues">The Black Gate Is Closed</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-4-the-journey-continues">Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-5-the-journey-continues">The Window on the West</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-6-the-journey-continues">The Forbidden Pool</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-7-the-journey-continues">Journey to the Cross-roads</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-8-the-journey-continues">The Stairs of Cirith Ungol</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-9-the-journey-continues">Shelob's Lair</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-two-towers-book-iv-chapter-10-the-journey-continues">The Choices of Master Samwise</a></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div>
<div>
<i>The Return of the King</i></div>
<div>
<ul></ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Book V</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-1-the-journey-continues">Minas Tirith</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-2-the-journey-continues">The Passing of the Grey Company</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-3-the-journey-continues">The Muster of Rohan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-4-the-journey-continues">The Siege of Gondor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-5-the-journey-continues">The Ride of the Rohirrim</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-6-the-journey-continues">The Battle of the Pelennor Fields</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-7-the-journey-continues">The Pyre of Denethor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-8-the-journey-continues">The Houses of Healing</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-9-the-journey-continues">The Last Debate</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-v-chapter-10-the-journey-continues">The Black Gate Opens</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Book VI</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-1-the-journey-continues">The Tower of Cirith Ungol</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-2-the-journey-continues">The Land of Shadow</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-3-the-journey-continues">Mount Doom</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-5-the-journey-continues">The Field of Cormallen</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-4-the-journey-continues">The Steward and the King</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-6-the-journey-continues">Many Partings</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-7-the-journey-continues">Homeward Bound</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-8-the-journey-continues">The Scouring of the Shire</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theonering.com/reading-room/a-tolkien-virgin/a-tolkien-virgin-the-return-of-the-king-book-vi-chapter-9-the-journey-ends">The Grey Havens</a> (with the Appendices and Mark-Edmond's summaries of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> and <i>A Tolkien Virgin)</i></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div>
There is room for vast amounts of meta-commentary here. Let me just point to Mark-Edmond's fascination with Círdan the Shipwright, and how satisfying he finds it that Círdan reappears at the end.</div>
</div>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-39889639116575213902012-11-25T18:50:00.001-05:002012-11-25T18:50:38.752-05:00The Nasochron<br />
Here is Christian Morgenstern's lovely poem "Das Nasobēm", which was written around 1895 and is usually called a nonsense poem, though not in the sense of "'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves ..." Indeed, all the words in it make plain sense except one; the nonsense comes in from the fact that once you have read the poem, you still know nothing about the animal.<br />
<br />
Auf seinen Nasen schreitet<br />
<i>Striding on its noses</i><br />
einher das Nasobēm,<br />
t<i>here comes the Nasobame</i><br />
von seinem Kind begleitet.<br />
<i>with its child in tow.</i><br />
Es steht noch nicht im Brehm.<br />
<i>It isn't yet in Brehm's [encyclopedia of zoology].</i><br />
<br />
Es steht noch nicht im Meyer.<br />
<i>It isn't yet in Meyer's [encyclopedia]</i><br />
Und auch im Brockhaus nicht.<br />
<i>And also not in Brockhaus's [encyclopedia]</i><br />
Es trat aus meiner Leyer<br />
<i>It trotted out of my lyre</i><br />
zum ersten Mal ans Licht.<br />
<i>when it first came to light.</i><br />
<br />
Auf seinen Nasen schreitet<br />
<i>Striding on its noses</i><br />
(wie schon gesagt) seitdem,<br />
<i>on it, as I've said above,</i><br />
von seinem Kind begleitet,<br />
<i>with its young in tow,</i><br />
einher das Nasobēm.<br />
<i>there goes the nasobame.</i><br />
<br />
And here's my translation of it, which I put together in a few minutes today.<br />
<br />
<br />
On all its noses striding,<br />
Here comes the Nasochron.<br />
Its child so gently guiding<br />
'S not drawn by Audubon.<br />
<br />
You won't find it in Brockhaus<br />
Or Britannica Online,<br />
I found it in this schlock-house<br />
I'm pleased to call my mind.<br />
<br />
On all its noses striding<br />
(As I have said anon)<br />
Its child so gently guiding<br />
Here comes the Nasochron.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
There are said to be poetic translations by G.G. Simpson and L.Chadwick. I haven't read them.</div>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-12931969970082393412012-06-08T14:24:00.001-04:002012-06-08T14:24:34.920-04:00Programming languages, their implementation strategies, and their communities<p>Programming languages can be divided into three groups based on their implementation strategies:<p> A) Multiple competing implementations, relatively small standard libraries, many third-party libraries available. C, C++, Cobol, Fortran, JavaScript use strategy A.<p>
B) A single dominant implementation which comes with a fairly large library which everybody uses; typically there is no formal standardization. Substantial third-party libraries may or may not be available. Second-source implementations are continually playing catch-up with the dominant version. Ada, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby use strategy B. So do most DSLs, research languages, and personal toys. Haskell used to be strategy C but is now B due to the increasing dominance of GHC.<p>
C) Multiple implementations, relatively small standard libraries, each implementation comes with lots of libraries. Substantial third-party librarys may or may not be available. The Lisp languages use strategy C; so do Forth, ML, and the Posix shell.<p>
Common Lisp and the shell have fairly large standard libraries (for the shell, it's the Posix utilities that constitute the library); R5RS Scheme and even R6RS Scheme have fairly small ones. When the R7RS Scheme process is complete, the relative sizes in the Lisp world will be R5RS < R7RS-small < R6RS < Common Lisp < R7RS-large, but the standard libraries of R7RS-large will be optional for conformance rather than mandatory, so Common Lisp may still be larger in practice.<p>
In a strategy C language, an implementation is more than just an implementation; it's a community, or even a movement. Strategy A languages don't draw this sort of loyalty for the most part; decisions between implementations are based only on cost, or else technical criteria such as speed, space, compilation speed, or availability in a particular environment. Strategy B languages have only one community per language, with a few splinter groups; that's what makes them such juggernauts today.<p>
But to write your code for Chicken or Racket or Chibi Scheme involves more than a cold-blooded decision about the advantages of these particular environments. Technical factors may control the choice in some circumstances. But where they don't, people end up deciding based on essentially tribal factors, the same that make people fanatically loyal to vi or Emacs (or, in my case, "ex").<p>
That's not necessarily a bad thing. But it would be a good thing, unqualified, if some of the library code available to Chicken programmers was also directly available, without fuss, to Racket or even Chibi Scheme programmers. Essentially everything new in R7RS-small is in pursuit of that goal one way or another. Likewise, the packages in R7RS-large (which is not yet fully specified) are meant to help at a higher level with that interoperability goal.John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-58257117127129305342012-04-05T14:59:00.000-04:002012-04-05T14:59:17.412-04:00Concurrency vs. parallelism<br />
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Parallelism refers to physically simultaneous execution. When you raise both arms above your head, you do so in parallel. Nothing can be more parallel than the number of execution agents simultaneously available: on an 8-core system, you can add up 8 rows of a matrix in parallel, but not 16 rows. Furthermore, some problems cannot be parallelized, whereas others can be executed entirely in parallel, and there are many cases in between.</div>
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Concurrency refers to conceptually simultaneous execution. When you juggle balls, you are executing a concurrent program: despite appearances,jugglers only throw or catch one ball at a time. A concurrent program can execute on a single execution agent, on as many agents as it has concurrent components, or anything in between, so concurrency does not depend on parallelism. We usually speak of concurrency when there is interaction between the concurrent components.</div>
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<a href="http://www.jpaulmorrison.com/fbp/">Flow-based programming</a>, of which a shell pipeline is the most familiar example, is based on the concurrent execution of mostly isolated processes that communicate via flows. Because the individual components are isolated, they may be executed in parallel or not. Because there are no constraints on what components may do with their inputs, parallel execution may or may not actually speed up the computation.</div>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-46879529720574022672012-01-18T21:28:00.000-05:002012-01-18T21:29:55.019-05:00Schleicher's Fable in Lojban<br />
Here's a version of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher's_fable">Schleicher's Fable</a> in <a href="http://www.lojban.org/">Lojban </a>with word-by-word glosses (note the use of letters as pronouns). You can see Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit versions at <a href="https://memiyawanzi.wordpress.com/2012/01/18/ovis-equique">Memiyawanzi</a>.<br />
<br />
pa lanme .e ci xirma<br />
one sheep and three horse<br />
<br />
pa lanme poi claxu loi sunla cu viska ci xirma<br />
one sheep such:that lack a:mass:of wool (-) see three horse<br />
<br />
.i pa ri cu lacpu pa tilju carce<br />
(-) one:of the:latter (-) pull one heavy cart<br />
<br />
.i pa ra bevri loi barda<br />
(-) one:of the:previous carry a:mass:of heavy-thing<br />
<br />
.i pa ra sutra bevri pa nanmu<br />
(-) one:of the:previous quick carry one man<br />
<br />
.i ly. cusku fi ci xy. fe lu<br />
(-) S. say to three H. (-) quote<br />
<br />
le risna cu se cortu ri'a lo nu viska pa nanmu poi sazri xy. li'u<br />
the heart (-) PASV hurt because:of a/some event:of see one man such:that operate H. unquote<br />
<br />
.i ci xy. cusku lu<br />
(-) three H. say quote<br />
<br />
doi lanme ko jundi<br />
O sheep you-IMPV pay:attention<br />
<br />
.i le risna cu se cortu ri'a lo nu viska la'e di'e<br />
(-) the heart (-) PASV hurt because:of event:of see referent:of following:utterance<br />
<br />
.i tu'a pa turni nanmu cu zbasu lo sunla be ly. binxo lo se dasni be ny.<br />
(-) (-) one govern man (-) make a/some wool of S. become a/some PASV wear [i.e. worn thing] of M.<br />
<br />
.i je ly. claxu sy. li'u<br />
(-) and S. lack W. unquote<br />
<br />
.i ly. jimpe la'e di'u<br />
(-) S. comprehend referent:of preceding:utterance<br />
<br />
.i je ba bo rivbi klama le pintu'a<br />
(-) and then (-) escape go:to the plain [lit. flat=parcel:of:land]<br />
<br />
The Lojbanists I checked this with don't understand why the sheep flees, since he has already been shorn. Does anyone have any idea?John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-49367700562837371142011-11-29T12:47:00.001-05:002012-05-02T16:48:37.518-04:00John McCarthy's theorem proverJohn McCarthy, the inventor of Lisp, died last month. The new R7RS Scheme standard will be dedicated to his memory. As another dedication, I thought I'd resurrect his theorem prover, which was published in the Lisp 1.5 manual, and translate it into Scheme. Comments in square brackets are mine; everything else is McCarthy's.<br />
<br />
When this code was written, I was still in diapers and a lot of you probably didn't even exist — and yet it only needed indentation, a few changes from <code>cond</code> to <code>if</code> (which helped with the indentation), and a sprinkling of question marks. It's interesting that this Lisp is so old that <code>()</code> is not identical to <code>#f</code>. The procedure names suck and should be replaced with better names (ending in question marks).<br />
<br />
<pre>;;; We define a function "(theorem s)" whose value is truth
;;; or falsity according to whether the sequent "s" is a theorem.
;;; A sequent is represented by the following S-expression:
;;; (arrow (term term ...) (term term ...))
;;; Atomic propositional formulae are represented as symbols.
;;; Other propositional formulae are represented as lists whose
;;; first symbols are "not", "and", "or", "implies", or "equiv".
;;; Example: (arrow (and (not p) (not q))) (equiv p q) (or r s))).
;;; The procedure "theorem" is given in terms of auxiliary
;;; functions as follows:
(define (theorem s) (th1 '() '() (cadr s) (caddr s)))
(define (th1 a1 a2 a c)
(if (null? a)
(th2 a1 a2 '() '() c)
(or (member? (car a) c)
(if (atom? (car a)
(th1 (if (member? (car a) a1) a1
(cons (car a) a1)) a2 (cdr a) c))
(th1 a1 (if (member? (car a) a2) a2
(cons (car a) a2)) (cdr a) c)))))
(define (th2 a1 a2 c1 c2 c)
(cond
((null? c) (th a1 a2 c1 c2))
((atom? (car c)) (th2 a1 a2 (if (member? (car c) c1)
c1
(cons (car c) c1))) c2 (cdr c))
(else (th2 a1 a2 c1
(if (member?
(car c) c2) c2 (cons (car c) c2))
(cdr c)))))
(define (th a1 a2 c1 c2)
(if
(null? a2) (and (not (null? c2))
(thr (car c2) a1 a2 c1 (cdr c2)))
(thl (car a2) c1 (cdr a2) c1 c2)))
;;; "th" is the main predicate through which all the recursions
;;; take place. "theorem", "th1", and "th2" break up and sort
;;; the information in the sequent for the benefit of "th".
;;; The fourarguments of "th" are:
;;; a1: atomic formulae on left side of arrow
;;; a2: other formulae on left side of arrow
;;; c1: atomic formulae on right side of arrow
;;; c1: other formulae on right side of arrow
;;; The atomic formulae are kept separate from the others in
;;; order to make faster the detection of the occurrence of
;;; formulae on both sides of the arrow and the finding of
;;; the next formulato reduce. Each use of "th" represents
;;; one reduction according to one of the 10 rules.
;;; The formula to be reduced is chosen from the left side
;;; of the arrow if possible. According to whether the
;;; formula to be reduced is on the left or the right we use
;;; "thl" or "thr". We have:
(define (thl u a1 a2 c1 c2)
(case (car u)
((not) (th1r (cadr u) a1 a2 c1 c2))
((and) (th2l (cdr u) a1 a2 c1 c2))
((or) (and (th1l (cadr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)
(th1l (caddr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)))
((implies) (and (th1l (caddr u) a1 a2 c1
c2) (th1r (cadr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)))
((equiv) (and (th2l (cdr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)
(th2r (cdr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)))
(else (error "thl: unknown operator" u a1 a2 c1 c2))))
(define (thr u a1 a2 c1 c2)
(case (car u)
((not) (th1l (cadr u) a1 a2 c1 c2))
((and) (and (th1r (cadr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)
(th1r (caddr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)))
((or) (th2r (cdr u) a1 a2 c1 c2))
((equiv) (and (th11 (cadr u) (caddr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)
(th11 (caddr u) (cadr u) a1 a2 c1 c2)))
(else (error "thr: unknown operator" u a1 a2 c1 c2))))
;;; The functions "th1l", "th1r", "th2l", "th2r", "th11"
;;; distribute the parts of the reduced formula to the
;;; appropriate places in the reduced sequent.
;;; These functions are:
(define (th1l v a1 a2 c1 c2)
(if
(atom? v) (or (member? v c1)
(th (cons v a1) a2 c1 c2))
(or (member? v c2) (th a1 (cons v a2) c1 c2))))
(define (th1r v a1 a2 c1 c2)
(if
(atom? v) (or (member? v a1)
(th a1 a2 (cons v c1) c2))
(or (member? v c2) (th a1 (cons v a2) c1 c2))))
(define (th2l v a1 a2 c1 c2)
(cond
((atom? (car v)) (or (member? (car v) c1)
(th1l (cadr v) (cons (car v) a1) a2 c1 c2)))
(else (or (member? (car v) c2) (th1l (cadr v) a1 (cons (car v)
a2) c1 c2)))))
(define (th2r v a1 a2 c1 c2)
(if
(atom? (car v)) (or (member? (car v) a1)
(th1r (cadr v) a1 a2 (cons (car v) c1) c2))
(or (member? (car v) a2) (th1r (cadr v) a1 a2 c1
(cons (car v) c2)))))
(define (th11 v1 v2 a1 a2 c1 c2)
(cond
((atom? v1) (or (member? v1 c1) (th1r v2 (cons v1 a1) a2 c1 c2)))
(else (or (member? v1 c2) (th1r v2 a1 (cons v1 a2) c1 c2)))))
;;; Finally, the function "member?" is defined by
(define (member? x u)
(or (and (not (null? u))
(equal? x (car u))) (member? x (cdr u))))
;;; [Note: This function is not the same as "member", because
;;; it returns #t rather than a tail of the list on success.
;;; The "atom?" function is defined as in Lisp 1.5.]
(define (atom? x) (not (pair? x)))
;;; Example: (theorem '(arrow (p) (or p q))) => #t
;;; because given p, we can infer p v q.
</pre>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-53903603558746062272011-09-30T16:27:00.001-04:002011-09-30T16:27:29.929-04:00Samuel Beckett's mathematical nightmareFrom Beckett's early novel <i>Molloy, </i>later reprinted separately under the title of "Sucking-Stones". I have introduced paragraphing for readability, though in Beckett's text this is just part of a huge 80-page paragraph, one of only two in Molloy's monologue. Reprinted without permission.<br />
<div>
<br />
<br />
I took advantage of being at the seaside to lay in a store of sucking-stones. They were pebbles but I call them stones. Yes, on this occasion I laid in a considerable store. I distributed them equally between my four pockets, and sucked them turn and turn about. This raised a problem which I first solved in the following way. I had say sixteen stones, four in each of my four pockets these being the two pockets of my trousers and the two pockets of my greatcoat.<br />
<br />
Taking a stone from the right pocket of my greatcoat, and putting it in my mouth, I replaced it in the right pocket of my greatcoat by a stone from the right pocket of my trousers, which I replaced by a stone from the left pocket of my trousers, which I replaced by a stone from the left pocket of my greatcoat, which I replaced by the stone which was in my mouth, as soon as I had finished sucking it. Thus there were still four stones in each of my four pockets, but not quite the same stones. And when the desire to suck took hold of me again, I drew again on the right pocket of my greatcoat, certain of not taking the same stone as the last time. And while I sucked it I rearranged the other stones in the way I have just described. And so on.<br />
<br />
But this solution did not satisfy me fully. For it did not escape me that, by an extraordinary hazard, the four stones circulating thus might always be the same four. In which case, far from sucking the sixteen stones turn and turn about, I was really only sucking four, always the same, turn and turn about. But I shuffled them well in my pockets, before I began to suck, and again, while I sucked, before transferring them, in the hope of obtaining a more general circulation of the stones from pocket to pocket. But this was only a makeshift that could not long content a man like me. So I began to look for something else.<br />
<br />
And the first thing I hit upon was that I might do better to transfer the stones four by four, instead of one by one, that is to say, during the sucking, to take the three stones remaining in the right pocket of my greatcoat and replace them by the four in the right pocket of my trousers , and these by the four in the left pocket of my trousers, and these by the four in the left pocket of my greatcoat, and finally these by the three from the right pocket of my greatcoat, plus the one, as soon as I had finished sucking it, which was in my mouth. Yes, it seemed to me at first that by so doing I would arrive at a better result.<br />
<br />
But on further reflection I had to change my mind and confess that the circulation of the stones four by four came to exactly the same thing as their circulation one by one. For if I was certain of finding each time, in the right pocket of my greatcoat, four stones totally different from their immediate predecessors, the possibility nevertheless remained of my always chancing on the same stone, within each group of four, and consequently of my sucking, not the sixteen turn and turn about as I wished, but in fact four only, always the same, turn and turn about. So I had to seek elswhere than in the mode of circulation. For no matter how I caused the stones to circulate, I always ran the same risk.<br />
<br />
It was obvious that by increasing the number of my pockets I was bound to increase my chances of enjoying my stones in the way I planned, that is to say one after the other until their number was exhausted. Had I had eight pockets, for example, instead of the four I did have, then even the most diabolical hazard could not have prevented me from sucking at least eight of my sixteen stones, turn and turn about. The truth is I should have needed sixteen pockets in order to be quite easy in my mind. And for a long time I could see no other conclusion than this, that short of having sixteen pockets, each with its stone, I could never reach the goal I had set myself, short of an extraordinary hazard. And if at a pinch I could double the number of my pockets, were it only by dividing each pocket in two, with the help of a few safety-pins let us say, to quadruple them seemed to be more than I could manage. And I did not feel inclined to take all that trouble for a half-measure.<br />
<br />
For I was beginning to lose all sense of measure, after all this wrestling and wrangling, and to say, All or nothing. And if I was tempted for an instant to establish a more equitable proportion between my stones and my pockets , by reducing the former to the number of the latter, it was only for an instant. For it would have been an admission of defeat. And sitting on the shore, before the sea, the sixteen stones spread out before my eyes, I gazed at them in anger and perplexity. For just as I had difficulty in sitting in a chair, or in an arm-chair, because of my stiff leg, you understand, so I had none in sitting on the ground, because of my stiff leg and my stiffening leg, for it was about this time that my good leg, good in the sense that it was not stiff, began to stiffen. I needed a prop under the ham you understand, and even under the whole length of the leg, the prop of the earth. And while I gazed thus at my stones, revolving interminable martingales all equally defective, and crushing handfuls of sand, so that the sand ran through my fingers and fell back on the strand, yes, while thus I lulled my mind and part of my body, one day suddenly it dawned on me, dimly, that I might perhaps achieve my purpose without increasing the number of my pockets, or reducing the number of my stones, but simply by sacrificing the principle of trim.<br />
<br />
The meaning of this illumination, which suddenly began to sing within me, like a verse of Isaiah, or of Jeremiah, I did not penetrate at once, and notably the word trim, which I had never met with, in this sense, long remained obscure. Finally I seemed to grasp that this word trim could not here mean anything else, anything better, than the distribution of the sixteen stones in four groups of four, one group in each pocket, and that it was my refusal to consider any distribution other than this that had vitiated my calculations until then and rendered the problem literally insoluble. And it was on the basis of this interpretation, whether right or wrong, that I finally reached a solution, inelegant assuredly, but sound, sound.<br />
<br />
Now I am willing to believe, indeed I firmly believe, that other solutions to this problem might have been found and indeed may still be found, no less sound, but much more elegant than the one I shall now describe, if I can. And I believe too that had I been a little more insistent, a little more resistant, I could have found them myself. But I was tired, but I was tired, and I contented myself ingloriously with the first solution that was a solution, to this problem. But not to go over the heartbreaking stages through which I passed before I came to it here it is, in all its hideousness.<br />
<br />
All (all!) that was necessary was to put, for example, six stones in the right pocket of my greatcoat, or supply pocket, five in the right pocket of my trousers, and five in the left pocket of my trousers, that makes the lot, twice five ten plus six sixteen, and none, for none remained, in the left pocket of my greatcoat, which for the time being remained empty, empty of stones that is, for its usual contents remained, as well as occasional objects. For where do you think I hid my vegetable knife, my silver, my horn and the other things that I have not yet named, perhaps shall never name. Good. Now I can begin to suck. Watch me closely. I take a stone from the right pocket of my greatcoat , suck it, stop sucking it, put it in the left pocket of my greatcoat, the one empty (of stones). I take a second stone from the right pocket of my greatcoat, suck it put it in the left pocket of my greatcoat. And so on until the right pocket of my greatcoat is empty (apart from its usual and casual contents) and the six stones I have just sucked, one after the other, are all in the left pocket of my greatcoat.<br />
<br />
Pausing then, and concentrating, so as not to make a balls of it, I transfer to the right pocket of my greatcoat, in which there are no stones left, the five stones in the right pocket of my trousers, which I replace by the five stones in the left pocket of my trousers, which I replace by the six stones in the left pocket of my greatcoat. At this stage then the left pocket of my greatcoat is again empty of stones, while the right pocket of my greatcoat is again supplied, and in the vright way, that is to say with other stones than those I have just sucked. These other stones I then begin to suck, one after the other, and to transfer as I go along to the left pocket of my greatcoat, being absolutely certain, as far as one can be in an affair of this kind, that I am not sucking the same stones as a moment before, but others.<br />
<br />
And when the right pocket of my greatcoat is again empty (of stones), and the five I have just sucked are all without exception in the left pocket of my greatcoat, then I proceed to the same redistribution as a moment before, or a similar redistribution, that is to say I transfer to the right pocket of my greatcoat, now again available, the five stones in the right pocket of my trousers, which I replace by the six stones in the left pocket of my trousers, which I replace by the five stones in the left pocket of my greatcoat. And there I am ready to begin again. Do I have to go on? No, for it is clear that after the next series, of sucks and transfers, I shall be back where I started, that is with the first six stones back in the supply pocket, the next five in the right pocket of my stinking old trousers and finally the last five in left pocket of same, and my sixteen stones will have been sucked once at least in impeccable succession, not one sucked twice, not one left unsucked.<br />
<br />
It is true that next time I could scarcely hope to suck my stones in the same order as the first time and that the first, seventh and twelfth for example of the first cycle might very well be the sixth, eleventh, and sixteenth respectively of the second, if the worst came to the worst. But this was a drawback I could not avoid. And if in the cycles taken together utter confusion was bound to reign, at least within each cycle taken separately I could be easy in my mind, at least as easy as one can be, in a proceeding of this kind. For in order for each cycle to be identical, as to the succession of stones in my mouth, and God knows I had set my heart on it, the only means were numbered stones or sixteen pockets. And rather than make twelve more pockets or number my stones, I preferred to make the best of the comparative peace of mind I enjoyed within each cycle taken separately.<br />
<br />
For it was not enough to number the stones, but I would have had to remember, every time I put a stone in my mouth, the number I needed and look for it in my pocket. Which would have put me off stone for ever, in a very short time. For I would never have been sure of not making a mistake, unless of course I had kept a kind of register, in which to tick off the stones one by one, as I sucked them. And of this I believed myself incapable. No, the only perfect solution would have been the sixteen pockets, symmetrically disposed, each one with its stone. Then I would have needed neither to number nor to think, but merely, as I sucked a given stone, to move on the fifteen others, a delicate business admittedly, but within my power, and to call always on the same pocket when I felt like a suck. This would have freed me from all anxiety, not only within each cycle taken separately, but also for the sum of all cycles, though they went on forever.<br />
<br />
But however imperfect my own solution was, I was pleased at having found it all alone, yes, quite pleased. And if it was perhaps less sound than I had thought in the first flush of discovery, its inelegance never diminished. And it was above all inelegant in this, to my mind, that the uneven distribution was painful to me, bodily. It is true that a kind of equilibrium was reached, at a given moment, in the early stages of each cycle, namely after the third suck and before the fourth, but it did not last long, and the rest of the time I felt the weight of the stones dragging me now to one side, now to the other. There was something more than a principle I abandoned, when I abandoned the equal distribution, it was a bodily need. But to suck the stones in the way I have described, not haphazard, but with method, was also I think a bodily need. Here then were two incompatible bodily needs, at loggerheads. Such things happen.<br />
<br />
But deep down I didn't give a tinker's curse about being off my balance, dragged to the right hand and the left, backwards and forewards. And deep down it was all the same to me whether I sucked a different stone each time or always the same stone, until the end of time. For they all tasted exactly the same. And if I had collected sixteen, it was not in order to ballast myself in such and such a way, or to suck them turn about, but simply to have a little store, so as never to be without. But deep down I didn't give a fiddler's curse about being without, when they were all gone they would be all gone, I wouldn't be any the worse off, or hardly any. And the solution to which I rallied in the end was to throw away all the stones but one, which I kept now in one pocket, now in another, and which of course I soon lost, or threw away, or gave away, or swallowed.<br />
<br />
[It seems to me that Molloy underestimates the utility of numbering his stones. He could simply note the number <i>n</i> of the stone in his mouth when he removes it, and then search his pockets for stone <i>n</i>+1 (modulo 16). With four stones per pocket and no stone-shifting, he will have on average to remove two before finding it.]<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-77492816173507781822011-09-29T03:05:00.000-04:002011-09-29T03:08:21.025-04:00Publication dates for the parts of the OEDThe Oxford English Dictionary has had three editions:
<br />
<ul>
<li>the original edition, published in twelve volumes from 1888 to 1928, and known retrospectively as OED1</li>
<li>the OED2, consisting of a supplement published in four volumes from 1972 to 1986 (there was a 1933 supplement to OED1 too, but it was superseded by the four-volume supplement so I'm ignoring it here) and merged with the text of OED1 in 1989, after which two volumes of new words and senses were published in 1993 and one more in 1997</li>
<li>the OED3, currently in progress and being published online only.</li>
</ul>
When you look at the online version, each page is marked OED2 or OED3, but since the supplement only included new words and meanings of words since OED1, many of the so-called OED2 pages are really unmodified OED1. What is more, the OED1 volumes were published in installments called fascicles, and very little revision was done before the fascicles were merged into volumes.<br />
<br />
So here's a table of when the various fascicles, volumes, and editions were published, so that you can find out, at least probably if not definitively, the true age of an OED definition. Unless otherwise noted, all the entries are OED1. Note that the fascicles weren't necessarily published exactly in alphabetical order, because several editors worked on the project simultaneously.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" rules="all">
<tbody>
<tr><td>Words included</td><td>Date (YYYY-MM-DD format)</td></tr>
<tr><td>A-Ant</td><td>1884-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ant-Batten</td><td>1885-11</td></tr>
<tr><td>Batter-Boz</td><td>1887-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Bra-Byz</td><td>1888-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>A-B volume</td><td>1888</td></tr>
<tr><td>C-Cass</td><td>1888-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Cast-Clivy</td><td>1889-11</td></tr>
<tr><td>Clo-Consigner</td><td>1891-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>Consignant-Crouching</td><td>1893-05</td></tr>
<tr><td>Crouchmas-Czech</td><td>1893-11</td></tr>
<tr><td>C volume</td><td>1893</td></tr>
<tr><td>D-Deceit</td><td>1894-11</td></tr>
<tr><td>Deceit-Deject</td><td>1894-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Deject-Depravation</td><td>1895-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Depravative-Development</td><td>1895-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Development-Diffluency</td><td>1895-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Diffluent-Disburden</td><td>1896-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Disburdened-Disobservant</td><td>1896-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>Disobstetricate-Distrustful</td><td>1896-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Distrustfully-Doom</td><td>1897-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Doom-Dziggetai</td><td>1897-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>E-Every</td><td>1891-07</td></tr>
<tr><td>Everybody-Ezod</td><td>1894-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>D-E volume</td><td>1897</td></tr>
<tr><td>F-Fang</td><td>1894-11</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fanged-Fee</td><td>1895-04</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fee-Field</td><td>1895-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>Field-Fish</td><td>1896-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Fish-Flexuose</td><td>1896-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>Flexuosity-Foister</td><td>1897-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Foisty-Frankish</td><td>1897-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>Frank-law-Gain-coming</td><td>1898-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Gain-cope-Germanizing</td><td>1898-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Germano-Glass-cloth</td><td>1899-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Glass-coach-Graded</td><td>1900-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Gradeley-Greement</td><td>1900-07</td></tr>
<tr><td>Green-Gyzzarn</td><td>1900-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>F-G volume</td><td>1900</td></tr>
<tr><td>H-Haversian</td><td>1898-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Haversine-Heel</td><td>1898-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Heel-Hod</td><td>1898-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hod-Horizontal</td><td>1899-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Horizontality-Hywe</td><td>1899-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>I-In</td><td>1899-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>In-Inferred</td><td>1900-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Inferring-Inpushing</td><td>1900-07</td></tr>
<tr><td>Input-Invalid</td><td>1900-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>Invalid-Jew</td><td>1900-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Jew-Kairine</td><td>1901-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Kaiser-Kyx</td><td>1901-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>H-K volume</td><td>1901</td></tr>
<tr><td>L-Lap</td><td>1901-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lap-Leisurely</td><td>1902-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Leisureness-Lief</td><td>1902-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Leif-Lock</td><td>1903-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lock-Lyyn</td><td>1903-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>M-Mandragon</td><td>1904-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mandragora-Matter</td><td>1905-07</td></tr>
<tr><td>Matter-Mesnalty</td><td>1906-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mesne-Misbirth</td><td>1906-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Misbode-Monopoly</td><td>1907-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Monopoly-Movement</td><td>1908-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Movement-Myz</td><td>1908-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>N-Niche</td><td>1906-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>Niche-Nywe</td><td>1907-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>L-N volume</td><td>1908</td></tr>
<tr><td>O-Onomastic</td><td>1902-07</td></tr>
<tr><td>Onomastical-Outing</td><td>1903-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Outjet-Ozyat</td><td>1904-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>P-Pargeted</td><td>1904-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pargeter-Pennached</td><td>1904-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pennage-Pfennig</td><td>1905-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ph-Piper</td><td>1906-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Piper-Polygenistic</td><td>1907-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Polygenous-Premious</td><td>1907-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Premisal-Prophesier</td><td>1908-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Prophesy-Pyxis</td><td>1909-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>O-P volume</td><td>1909</td></tr>
<tr><td>Q</td><td>1902-10</td></tr>
<tr><td>R-Reactive</td><td>1903-07</td></tr>
<tr><td>Reactively-Ree</td><td>1904-07</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ree-Reign</td><td>1905-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Reign-Reserve</td><td>1906-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>Reserve-Ribaldously</td><td>1908-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ribaldric-Romanite</td><td>1909-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>Romanity-Roundness</td><td>1909-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Round-nose-Ryze</td><td>1910-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>S-Sauce</td><td>1909-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sauce-alone-Scouring</td><td>1910-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Scouring-Sedum</td><td>1911-03</td></tr>
<tr><td>See-Senatory</td><td>1911-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Senatory-Several</td><td>1912-09-30</td></tr>
<tr><td>Several-Shaster</td><td>1913-06-13</td></tr>
<tr><td>Shastri-Shyster</td><td>1914-03-26</td></tr>
<tr><td>Q-Sh volume</td><td>1914</td></tr>
<tr><td>Si-Simple</td><td>1910-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Simple-Sleep</td><td>1911-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sleep-Sniggle</td><td>1912-06-27</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sniggle-Sorrow</td><td>1913-03-27</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sorrow-Speech</td><td>1914-09-28</td></tr>
<tr><td>Speech-Spring</td><td>1915-03-25</td></tr>
<tr><td>Spring-Standard</td><td>1915-09-30</td></tr>
<tr><td>Standard-Stead</td><td>1915-06-29</td></tr>
<tr><td>Stead-Stillatim</td><td>1916-06-29</td></tr>
<tr><td>Stillation-Stratum</td><td>1917-12-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Stratus-Styx</td><td>1919-09-04</td></tr>
<tr><td>Si-St volume</td><td>1919</td></tr>
<tr><td>Su-Subterraneous</td><td>1914-12-22</td></tr>
<tr><td>Subterraneously-Sullen</td><td>1915-12-21</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sullen-Supple</td><td>1917-01-18</td></tr>
<tr><td>Supple-Sweep</td><td>1913-03-21</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sweep-Szmikite</td><td>1919-09-04</td></tr>
<tr><td>T-Tealt</td><td>1910-09</td></tr>
<tr><td>Team-Tezkere</td><td>1911-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Th-Thyzle</td><td>1912-03-29</td></tr>
<tr><td>Su-Th volume</td><td>1919</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ti-Tombac</td><td>1912-12-23</td></tr>
<tr><td>Tombal-Trahysh</td><td>1913-09-25</td></tr>
<tr><td>Traik-Trinity</td><td>1914-06-24</td></tr>
<tr><td>Trink-Turn-down</td><td>1915-06-24</td></tr>
<tr><td>Turndun-Tzirid</td><td>1916-03-27</td></tr>
<tr><td>U-Unforeseeable</td><td>1921-10-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Unforeseeing-Unright</td><td>1924-07-31</td></tr>
<tr><td>Unright-Uzzle</td><td>1926-07-29</td></tr>
<tr><td>Ti-U volume</td><td>1926</td></tr>
<tr><td>V-Verificative</td><td>1916-10-26</td></tr>
<tr><td>Verificatory-Visor</td><td>1917-08-30</td></tr>
<tr><td>Visor-Vywer</td><td>1920-04-01</td></tr>
<tr><td>W-Wash</td><td>1921-10-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wash-Wavy</td><td>1923-05-24</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wavy-Wezzon</td><td>1926-08-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wh-Whisking</td><td>1923-05-17</td></tr>
<tr><td>Whisky-Wilfullness</td><td>1924-11-27</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wilga-Wise</td><td>1926-08-12</td></tr>
<tr><td>Wise-Wyzen</td><td>1928-04-19</td></tr>
<tr><td>XYZ</td><td>1921-10-06</td></tr>
<tr><td>V-Z volume</td><td>1928</td></tr>
<tr><td>OED1 in full (12 vols.)</td><td>1928</td></tr>
<tr><td>Supplement A-G</td><td>1972</td></tr>
<tr><td>Supplement H-N</td><td>1976</td></tr>
<tr><td>Supplement O-Sd</td><td>1982</td></tr>
<tr><td>Supplement Sea-Z</td><td>1986</td></tr>
<tr><td>OED2 in full (20 vols.)</td><td>1989</td></tr>
<tr><td>OED2 Supplement vols. 1-2</td><td>1993</td></tr>
<tr><td>OED2 supplement vol. 3</td><td>1997</td></tr>
<tr><td>OED3</td><td>in progress</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-30931669434168798922011-07-24T14:42:00.000-04:002011-07-24T14:42:27.639-04:00Groups of names<a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1178.html">RFC 1178</a>, a wise and funny set of rules on how to name computers (and how not to), recommends that groups of computers that have something in common be given names that have something in common. The principle isn't limited to computers, to be sure.<br />
<br />
Here's a list of 255 groups of names ranging in size from two names on upward. I can't tell you where they come from, though I very much doubt anyone will sue you for reusing them. Feel free to figure out and post what the common factors are, the more specific the better, though I don't have any more authoritative information than you do. Obviously, answers of the form "These are the names of the xxxx's at yyyy" are not helpful.<br />
<br />
Challenge: A few of the groups are fakes (don't come from the original source). Which ones?<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1) Canteen, Cosy Room, Rembrandt, van Gogh, Vermeer<br />
<br />
2) De Dam, Leidseplein, Museumplein, Nieuwmarkt, Rembrandtplein, Zeedijk<br />
<br />
3) Ann Arbor, Chelsea, Dearborn, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Grosse Pointe, Hell MI, Holland, Kalamazoo, Plymouth, Portage, St. Joseph, Three Rivers<br />
<br />
4) Bad Axe, Cadillac, Frankenmuth, Lansing, Ludington, Midland, Mt. Pleasant, Pinconning, Port Huron<br />
<br />
5) Marquette, Oscoda, Petoskey<br />
<br />
6) Battle Creek, Charlevoix, Houghton, Mackinac Island, Munising, Ontonagon, Paradise, Sault St. Marie, Traverse City<br />
<br />
7) Boars Nest, Bo Duke, Daisy Duke, General Lee, Luke Duke, Uncle Jesse<br />
<br />
8) Astrud Gilberto, Cootie Williams, Ella Fitzgerald, Folsom, Jimmy Scott, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Montreux, Quincy Jones, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughn, Sun Ra, Thelonius Monk<br />
<br />
9) Brookhaven, Buckhead, Candler Park, Decatur, Druid Hills, East Atlanta, East Lake, Grant Park, Inman Park, Little 5 Points, Midtown, Morningside, Oakhurst, Ormewood Park, OTP, Reynoldstown, Sandy Springs, Virginia Highlands<br />
<br />
10) Alamo, Armadillo, Iron Man, Longhorn<br />
<br />
11) Bar, Barton Springs, Baz, Bull Creek, Deep Eddy, Devil's Cove, Foo, Hamilton Pool, Hippie Hollow, House Park, Ladybird Lake, Windy Point<br />
<br />
12) Bulette, Icke, Kitt, Rincewind, Tresor<br />
<br />
13) Moeda, Ouro Branco<br />
<br />
14) Akwan, Caparao, Mantiqueira<br />
<br />
15) Cipo, Curral<br />
<br />
16) Canastra, Espinhaco<br />
<br />
17) 8 Mile Rd, Gratiot Ave, Maple Rd, Michigan Ave, Reuther Fwy, Southfield Fwy, Telegraph Rd, The Lodge Fwy, The Palace, Woodward Ave<br />
<br />
18) Aspen, Crested Butte, Manitou Springs, Red Rocks, Rotunda, South Park, Tiny Town<br />
<br />
19) Dinosaur, Estes Park, Flatirons, Garden of the Gods, Independence Pass, Longs Peak, Mesa Verde, Sand Dunes, SuperMax<br />
<br />
20) Anca, Avanti, Chedi, Chola, Dravida, Kalinga, Kanchi, Kashi, Kekaya, Kunti, Magadha, Panchala, Pandya, Sindhu, Sinhala, Videha<br />
<br />
21) Ben Hur, Bon Appetit, Casino Royale, Cyborg, Deja Vu, Dune, Gladiator, Golden Eye, Hercules, Jumanji, Moonraker, Predator, Radio lab, Robocop, Sparta, Thunderball, Zardos<br />
<br />
22) Enigma, Hawaiian Shack, Poison<br />
<br />
23) Smurf, Tintin<br />
<br />
24) Condorito, Gaturro, Hijitus, Mafalda, Miguelito, Susanita<br />
<br />
25) Beacon Hill, Faneuil Hall, North End, Waterfront<br />
<br />
26) Boondock Saints, Cheers, Dead Poets Society, Glory, Good Will Hunting, Mystic River, The Departed, The Perfect Storm<br />
<br />
27) Big Dig, Mayflower, Tea Party, Walden Pond<br />
<br />
28) Harpoon, Magic Hat, Sam Adams<br />
<br />
29) etc, proc, var<br />
<br />
30) Aragon Ballroom, Cheap Trick, Kingston Mines, Metro Chicago, Ravinia Festival, Schubas Tavern, Smashing Pumpkins, Styx, The Vic Theater, Wilco<br />
<br />
31) Blues Brothers, Bob's Country Bunker, Championship Vinyl, Chez Quiz, Ferris Bueller, High Fidelity, Hubbards Cave, Risky Business, Sixteen Candles, The Breakfast Club, Wayne's World<br />
<br />
32) Gold Coast, Hyde Park, Lakeview, Old Town, Ravenswood, Wrigleyville<br />
<br />
33) Asti, Pad Thai<br />
<br />
34) Armadillo, Big Tex, Bluebonnet, Buddy Holly, Longhorn, The Alamo, Willie Nelson, Yellow Rose<br />
<br />
35) Bakken, Legoland, Tivoli<br />
<br />
36) Broken Top, Chicken Charlie Island, Klamath<br />
<br />
37) Mt Hood, Mt Mazama, Wizard Island<br />
<br />
38) Bosco, Longmile Sprawl, Podge, Rodge, Zag, Zig<br />
<br />
39) Boyne, Kells, Tara<br />
<br />
40) Curie, Edison, Freud, Socrates, van Gogh<br />
<br />
41) Circle N, Dodo, El Paso, Mars, Moonquake<br />
<br />
42) Bordeaux, Chianti, Douro, La Rioja<br />
<br />
43) Ballroom, Library, Study, The Carriage House, The Conservatory, The Dining Room, The Studio, The Trophy Room<br />
<br />
44) Ashford, Carrickfergus, Kilkenny, Malahide, Slane<br />
<br />
45) Boiler Room, Dashboard, Dude, Fear, Glengarry, Jerry Maguire, ManBearPig, Nice Red Uniforms, Office Space, Ruthless Efficiency, Surprise, The Closer, Wall Street<br />
<br />
46) Argon, Helium, Krypton, Lithium, Neon, Potassium, Radon, Rubidium, Sodium, Xenon<br />
<br />
47) Lord Vetinari, Mustrum Ridcully, Rincewind, Sam Vimes<br />
<br />
48) Beckett, Behan, Binchy, Fusion, Doyle, Joyce, Kinsella, O'Casey, Pearse, Swift, Wilde, Yeats<br />
<br />
49) Alhambra, Camelot, Colosseo, Den Lille Havfrue, In Den Alpen, Leidseplein, Lorelei, Montmartre, Mont Saint Michel, Muumilaakso, Newgrange, Nidarosdomen, Ponte Vecchio, Torre de Belem, Vasaskeppet<br />
<br />
50) Brady, Brennan, Gallagher, Geldof, Hewson, Lynott, McEvoy, Morrison, O'Connor, O'Riordan<br />
<br />
51) Aponoia, Epithumia, Hedone, Olethros, Oneiros, Potmos, Teleute<br />
<br />
52) Diamond, Emerald, Onyx, Pearl, Platinum<br />
<br />
53) Koe Allee, Rheinblick<br />
<br />
54) Aladdin, Sinbad<br />
<br />
55) Bembel, Eppler, Worscht<br />
<br />
56) Duvel, Westvleteren<br />
<br />
57) Akiaki, Aldabra, Baltra, Barduda, Cedros, Dolgoi, Formosa, Gomera<br />
<br />
58) Gurgaon, Inhaca, Jemo, Koro<br />
<br />
59) Nassu, Obi, Orango, Paros, Piazzi, Qamea, Quinchao, Roxa<br />
<br />
60) Ekero, Jawa, Kaggo, Mela, Saibai, Samso, Sangir, Savu, Serrano, Temoe, Tenerife, Tiburon, Tobago, Tristan da Cunha, Ulithi, Uman, Unimak, Urup, Vega, Vieques, Wakaya, Wokam, Wotho, Yakobi, Yunaska, Zembra, Zufaf<br />
<br />
61) Backbord, Fehmarn, Ruegen, Steuerbord, Sylt, Usedom<br />
<br />
62) Alster, Davidstrasse, Elbe, Gaensemarkt, Grossneumarkt, Hans Albers Platz, Kombuese, Neuer Pferdemarkt, Reeperbahn, Silbersackstrasse<br />
<br />
63) Fiete, Hinnerk, Kloenschnack<br />
<br />
64) Avital, Carmel, Gilboa, Hermon, Megiddo, Meron, Tavor<br />
<br />
65) Chun Guen, Daan Tart, Har Gau, Siu Mai, Wun Ton<br />
<br />
66) Pune, Trivendrum<br />
<br />
67) Amritsar, Calicut, Cogra, Jalandhar, Panaji, Patna, Raipur, Ranchi, Shimla, Srinagar, Udaipur<br />
<br />
68) Daman Diu, Darjeeling, Dehradun, Delhi, Durgapur, Dwarka, Ellora, Ernakulam<br />
<br />
69) Faridabad, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Gangtok, Gurgaon, Hampi, Haridwar, Hastinapur, Hubli<br />
<br />
70) Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jammu, Jhansi, Kochi, Mumbai<br />
<br />
71) Aradhana, Aristotle, Bambam, Challenge, Chirutha, Confucius, Darwin, Flintstones, Indra, Jetsons, Johnny Bravo, Jwala, Kabir, Kanad, Khaidi, Master, Nietzsche, Noddy, Panini, Pebbles, Plato, Popeye, Powerpuff Girls, Richie Rich, Saussure, Scooby Doo, Socrates, Sponge Bob, Teletubbies, Top Cat, Veta, Vijetha<br />
<br />
72) Aerosmith, Beatles, Bee Gees, Coldplay, Deep Purple, Dire Straits, Eagles, Iron Maiden, Led Zeppelin, Matchbox Twenty, Metallica, Mufasa, Nemo, Pearl Jam, Pink Floyd, Pocahontas, Princess Fiona, Pumbaa, Queen, Rolling Stones, Scorpions, Shrek, Simba, Timon, U2, Van Halen<br />
<br />
73) American Beauty, Archie Andrews, Armageddon, Asterix, Betty Cooper, Braveheart, Calvin and Hobbes, Casablanca, Forrest Gump, Frankenstein, Grease, Homer Simpson, Jughead Jones, Jurassic Park, King Kong, Marge Simpson, Obelix, Peter Griffin, Pulp Fiction, Ray, Reggie Mantle, Rocky, Rush Hour, Serendipity, Star Wars, Stewie Griffin, Terminator, The Departed, The Exorcist, The Godfather, The Matrix, Tintin, Titanic, Veronica Lodge<br />
<br />
74) American Idol, Bewitched, Bugs Bunny, Charmed, Chip 'N Dale, Daffy Duck, Daisy Duck, Desperate Housewives, Donald Duck, ER, Friends, Goofy, Grey's Anatomy, Heroes, Jerry, Lost, Magica De Spell, Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Mr. Bean, Oprah, Pluto, Prison Break, Roswell, Scrooge McDuck, Scrubs, Silver Spoons, Smallville, Small Wonder, That '70s Show, The Apprentice, The Brady Bunch, The Crystal Maze, The Scholar, Tom, Tweety Bird<br />
<br />
75) Batman, Cinderella, Cyclops, Electra, Hawk Girl, Krypton, Phoenix, Rapunzel, Robin, Snow White, Spider Man, Superman, Wolverine, Wonder Woman<br />
<br />
76) Akbar & Birbal, Auntie Shanti, Cafe d'art, Chacha Chowdhry, da Vinci, Frida, Kalia the Crow, Mary Cassatt, Michelangelo, Monet, Pollock, Ramu & Shamu, Rembrandt, Renoir, Shikari Shambu, Suppandi, Toulouse Lautrec, van Gogh<br />
<br />
77) Ajanta, Charminar, Fatehpur Sikri, Goa, Hyderabad, Mysore Palace, Taj Mahal<br />
<br />
78) Caddyshack, Casablanca, Columbia, Disney, Footloose, Fox, Ghostbusters, Goodfellas, Gremlins, Lionsgate, Matrix, MGM, Paramount, Pixar, Rocky, Universal, Warner Bros.<br />
<br />
79) Burning Man, City Limits, Coachella, Glastonbury, Lilith Fair, Lollapalooza, Montreux Jazz, Ozzfest, Summerfest, Sunsplash, Woodstock<br />
<br />
80) Americano, Cougars, Espresso, Huskies, Mariners, Olympic, Seahawks, Sonics, Sounders, Storm<br />
<br />
81) Adams, Cascade/Event Area, Crater Lake, Hood, Jefferson, Lassen, McLoughlin, Mt. St. Helens, Newberry, Rainier, Thielsen, Three Sisters<br />
<br />
82) Fistful, Infamous, Sloppy, Walking<br />
<br />
83) Acropolis, Angkor, Chichen Itza, Corcovado Statue<br />
<br />
84) Easter Island, Eiffel Tower, Giza Pyramids, Great Wall, Kiyomizu Temple, Machu Picchu, Neuschwanstein Castle, Petra, Statue of Liberty, Stonehenge, Sydney Opera House, Taj Mahal, Timbuktu<br />
<br />
85) Everest, Lhotse<br />
<br />
86) Access Denied, Broken Pipe, Segmentation Fault<br />
<br />
87) Abisko, Akka<br />
<br />
88) Brickyard, Bristol, Darlington, Lowes, The Garage, Vegas<br />
<br />
89) Barbican, Brixton, Camden Town, Cannon Street, Ealing Broadway, Gloucester Road, Goodge Street, Kew Gardens, Leicester Square, Liverpool Street, Mile End, Moorgate, Mornington Crescent, Nicolle, Oval, Sloane Square, South Kensington, St. James Park, Tottenham Court Road, Victoria, Waterloo, Wimbledon<br />
<br />
90) Amundsen, Atrium, Barents, Berners Lee, Brunel, Columbus, Cook, Da Gama, Drake, Faraday, Hawking, Livingstone, Magellan, Maxwell, Mobile Hubble, Newton, Turing, VC Booth 1, VC Booth 2, VC Booth 3, Vespucci<br />
<br />
91) Austen, Bronte, Dickens, Dumas, Orwell, Pasternak, Stevenson, Tolkien, Tolstoy<br />
<br />
92) Bristol, Piper, Track, Trig, Willow<br />
<br />
93) Barcelona, Bilbao, Chueca, Granada, Huertas, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santander<br />
<br />
94) Botticelli, Giotto, Leonardo<br />
<br />
95) Carducci, Dante, Leopardi, Montale, Pascoli, Petrarca, Ungaretti<br />
<br />
96) Edward Teach, Henry Avery, Jack Rackham, Jean Thomas Dulien, Stede Bonnett, Thomas Tew<br />
<br />
97) case, const, default, goto, mutable, switch, try<br />
<br />
98) Moscow, Plyuk, Prostokvashino, Shelezyaka<br />
<br />
99) Kalina, Malina, Ryabina<br />
<br />
100) Kegonsa, Mendota, Monona, Waubesa, Wingra, Yahara<br />
<br />
101) Amanu, Arutua, Beka, Bora Bora, Buratu, Chormah, Eiao, Fetuna, Futi, Hiti, Hua<br />
<br />
102) Adventure Sound, Carysfort, Dunnose, Eagle Passage, Fitzroy, Foam Creek, Fox Bay, Grantham Sound, Hornby, Keppel<br />
<br />
103) Caroline Point, Malvinas, Port Harriet, Port Howard, Port Louis, Port Stephens, Rookery Bay, Sappers, Saunders, Seal Bay, Speedwell, Stanley, Surf Bay, Volunteer Point, Weddell, Yorke Bay<br />
<br />
104) Babuyan Claro, Cabalian, Iraya, Iriga, Isarog<br />
<br />
105) Antipolo, Bago, Balanga, Bohol, Cadiz, Cavite, Cebu, Davao, Digos, Escalante<br />
<br />
106) Beppu, Itami, Kawasaki, Kobe, Kyoto<br />
<br />
107) Nara, Okayama, Osaka, Otaru, Sapporo, Sendai, Tokushima, Yamagata, Yoichi<br />
<br />
108) Cape Meares, Champoeg, Dabney, Deschutes<br />
<br />
109) La Pine, Memaloose, Minam, Molalla, Mongold, Owyhee, Pilot Butte, Prineville, Prospect, Rooster Rock, Seneca, Silver Falls, Succor Creek, Sumpter, Tumalo, Unity Forest, Viento, Vinzenz, Washburne<br />
<br />
110) Arapaho, Castlewood, Chatfield, Cherry Creek, Comanche Grassland, Curecanti, Eleven Mile, Florissant, Grand Mesa, Great Sand, Gunnison, Harvey Gap, Highline Lake, Hovenweep, Jackson Lake, Lake Pueblo, Lathrop, Lone Mesa, Lory, War<br />
<br />
111) Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Hapuna Beach, Iao Valley, Kaena Point, Kahana Valley, Kewalo Basin, Kona Coast<br />
<br />
112) Lava Tree, Makapuu Point, Makena Park, Mauna Kea, Na Pali Coast, Polipoli Spring, Umikoa, Waahila Ridge, Wailoa River, Wailua Valley, Waimea Canyon<br />
<br />
113) Alamitos, Arroyo Mocho, Arroyo Valle, Bodega Bay, Bolinas Lagoon<br />
<br />
114) Calaveras Creek, Calera, Cherry Canyon, Coyote Creek, Easton, Feather River, Garrity, Gold Creek, Green Valley, Guadalupe, Happy Valley, Islais, Koopman<br />
<br />
115) Laguna Salada, Leyden, Lion Creek, Lobos Creek, Milagra, Mowry Slough, Novato Creek, Oyster Bay, Permanente Creek, Petaluma River, Peyton Creek, Pinole Creek, Pirate Creek, Rheem, Stevens Creek, Sulphur Springs, Sycamore<br />
<br />
116) Tassajara, Tehan, Temescal, Tolay, Tomales Bay, Uvas Creek, Vallecitos, Walker Creek, Walnut Creek, Ward Creek, Welch Creek, Wildcat Creek, Yosemite Creek<br />
<br />
117) Aiea, Eleele, Ewa, Halawa, Honolulu, Kahului, Kailua, Kapaa, Kihei<br />
<br />
118) Lahaina, Nanakuli, Nanawale, Napili, Pearl City, Waimalu, Waimea, Waipahu, Waipiu<br />
<br />
119) Aldebaran, Andoria, Drema<br />
<br />
120) Bruneau, Cascade Lake, Castle Rocks, City of Rocks, Coeur D'Alene, Dworshak, Eagle Island, Farragut, Heyburn<br />
<br />
121) Lake Walcott, Lucky Peak, McCroskey, Old Mission, Ponderosa, Priest Lake, Thousand Springs, Winchester<br />
<br />
122) Chelan, Dash Point, Dosewallips, Ebeys, Fields Spring, Goldendale, Grayland<br />
<br />
123) Larrabee, Moran, Mystery Bay, Nolte, Olallie, Osoyoos, Palouse, Potlatch, Rainbow Falls, Rasar, Rockport, Sacajawea, Seaquest, Yakima<br />
<br />
124) Antalya, Atlas, Beirut, Bucharest, Burgas, Damascus, Haifa, Kaluga, Kazan, Kazan Lounge, Kiev, Perl, PHP, Pike, PL/I, PL/SQL, Postscript, Prolog, Python<br />
<br />
125) Ada, Algol, APL, AppleScript, Assembly, Awk, Basic, C, C#, C++, Cobol, Eiffel, Erlang, Forth, Fortran, Haskell, HTML, Icon, Java, Javascript, Lisbon, Lisp, Logo, Lourdes, Madrid, Matlab, Mersin, ML, Modula, Nice, Ocaml, Pascal, Perugia, Rouen, Setubal, Seville, Siena, Sofia, Tehran, Toledo, Turin, University Theatre, Vezelay, Vienna, Zaragoza<br />
<br />
126) Abilene, Albuquerque, Ardmore, Aurora, Chesapeake, Dalhart, Etna, Gainesville<br />
<br />
127) Miami, Olympia, Portland, Richmond, Saskatoon, Seaside<br />
<br />
128) Tucson, Verbena, Vernal, Vidalia, Waverly, Weatherford, Weyburn, Wichita, Winnipeg, Wynne, Yarnell, Yellow Bluff, Yoder, Zephyr Cove<br />
<br />
129) Apoera, Arica, Belem, Brasilia, Buenaventura, Capanema, Cayenne, Charana, Coro, Cuiaba, Esquel, Fortaleza, Georgetown<br />
<br />
130) La Paz, Lima, Manaus, Manizales, Matoury, Montevideo, Natal, Niteroi, Palmas, Paramaribo 42, Quito, Santiago, Sao Paulo<br />
<br />
131) Adsense, Tepu, Valencia, Witagron, Yacuiba, Yopal<br />
<br />
132) Abidjan, Abuja, Accra, Addis Ababa, Aksum, Algiers, Atar, Banfora, Bangui, Benghazi, Berbera, Casablanca, Dapaong, Delgo, Dire Dawa, Douala, El Golea, Faya, Fes, Gambela, Gaoua, Gardo, Guipe, Khartoum, Kotsi<br />
<br />
133) Marrakesh, Mogadishu, Mongo, Monrovia, Nairobi, Navrongo, Nyala, Ouagadougou, Rabat, Segou, Shebha, Siguiri, Tarfaya, Terna, Timbuktu, Tripoli, Tummu, Tunis, Wau, Yaounde<br />
<br />
134) Arusha, Bangula, Binga, Blantyre, Caprivi, Chipata, Cuamba, Durban, Gokwe, Gweru, Harare<br />
<br />
135) Maseru, Matobo, Maun, Mossel, Mutare, Nata, Pretoria, Ubundu, Werda, Zambezi, Zanzibar, Zavala<br />
<br />
136) Amnat, Ang Tong, Ayutthaya, Bangkok, Ban Mi, Ban Pong, Betong, Bua Yai, Chai Nat, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Hat Yai, Hua Hin, Kalasin<br />
<br />
137) Lampang, Lop Buri, Nan, Na San, Pattani, Phuket, Prachin, Rayong, Saraburi, Satun, Sena, Sing Buri, Surin, Tak, Tha Kham, Trang, Ubon, Warin, Yala<br />
<br />
138) Anare, Athena, Green Gorge<br />
<br />
139) Jubany, McMurdo, Neumayer, O Higgins, Palmer, Prat, Rothera, South Pole, Syowa, Vostok<br />
<br />
140) Attopeu, Bac Can, Ca Mau, Con Son, Da Lat, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, Ha Tinh<br />
<br />
141) Nam Dinh, Napheng, Napiat, Naxa, Paklay, Pakse, Paksong, Phnom Penh, Seno, Sonla, Tuy Hoa, Vangsim, Vang Vieng, Vapi, Vientiane, Vinh<br />
<br />
142) Amancio, Banes, Baracoa, Bauta, Bayamo, Biran, Camaguey, Florencia, Guines, Havana, Holguin<br />
<br />
143) Las Tunas, Manzanillo, Mariel, Matanzas, Mayari, Moa, Nueva Gerona, Palma Soriano, Pinar, Placetas, Puerto Padre, Ranchuelo, Remedios, Sagua, Sancti, San Luis, Union, Yaguajay<br />
<br />
144) Amorsolo, Bae, Boonma, Hiroshige, Hokusai, Hongdo, Huay, Luna<br />
<br />
145) Kuramata, Lajmi, Mali, Noda, Noguchi, Padamsee, Qureshi, Rathore, Raza, Rosanjin, Sokhwan, Varma, Wasim, Xiaodong, Zobel<br />
<br />
146) Abu Nuwas, Africanus, Ahmad Baba, Alencas, Amru, Balzac, Basho, Bronte, Byron, Caloris Montes, Camoes, Chekov, Couperin, Dario, Donne<br />
<br />
147) Eitoku, Equiano, Fram, Ghiberti, Gluck, Goya, Handel, Harunobu, Haydn, Hesiod, Hitomaro, Horace, Imhotep, Kalidasa, Kenko, Khansa, Kuan, Leopardi<br />
<br />
148) Mahler, Marti, Mena, Mistral, Mofolo, Myron, Nampeyo, Nervo, Nezami, Odin, Ovid, Petrarch, Proust, Pushkin, Rabelais, Rilke, Sadi, Sayat, Snorri, Surdas<br />
<br />
149) Tansen, Thakur, Theophanes, Tolstoy, Tsai, Turgenev, Unkei, Valmiki, Velazquez, Vyasa, Wagner, Wergeland, Wren, Yeats, Yun Sondo, Zarya, Zeami, Zeehaen, Zola<br />
<br />
150) Abalos, Acidalia, Aeolis, Albor, Anseris Mons, Apollinaris, Arsia Mons, Ascraeus Mons, Olympus Mons<br />
<br />
151) Cydonia, Dejnev, Elysium, Eos, Fontana, Geryon, Gonnus, Hibes, Hipparchus, Huygens, Isil, Izendy, Jovis, Kuiper<br />
<br />
152) Lowell, Lyot, Malea, Meroe, Nansen, Niesten, Nili, Octantis, Orcus, Oxia, Pavonis, Perepelkin, Phlegra, Pindus, Roddenberry<br />
<br />
153) Samara, Sepik, Terby, Teviot, Tinia, Trebia, Tyras, Uzboi, Vedra, Vogel, Voo, Voza, Warrego, Woomera, Xanthe, Xui, Yaonis, Yebra, Zephyria<br />
<br />
154) Adal, Asgard, Aziren, Bavorr, Bragi, Bran, Buri, Dia, Durinn, Erlik<br />
<br />
155) Gandalfr, Ginandi, Gisl, Gloi, Gunnr, Hepti, Ilma, Jumo, Keelut, Lempo, Lodurr, Loni, Losy, Lycaon, Mimir, Mitsina<br />
<br />
156) Nakki, Nama, Nar, Nerrivik, Nidi, Numi, Omol, Pakane, Randver, Saga, Saraka, Skeggold, Sudri, Sumbur<br />
<br />
157) Tapio, Toll, Tontu, Uksakka, Vanapagan, Veralden, Vestri, Vidarr, Vitr, Vutash, Ymir, Yuryung<br />
<br />
158) DL Bliss, Emerald Bay, Folsom Lake, Hatton<br />
<br />
159) Pacheco, Palomar, Pigeon Point, Pio Pico, Placerita, Plumas, Point Lobos, Portola, Salton Sea, San Simeon, Silverwood, Tolowa, Topanga, Tule Elk, Washoe, Wassama, Wildwood<br />
<br />
160) Annadel, Benbow, Bidwell, Calaveras, Candlestick, Caspar, Castaic, Castle Crags, Castle Rock<br />
<br />
161) La Purisima, Leo Carillo, Limekiln, Los Encinos, Mono Lake, Morro Bay, Oceano, Ocotillo, Olompali<br />
<br />
162) Ames Monument, Bear River, Bighorn, Boysen, Buffalo Bill, Curt Gowdy, Devils Tower, Edness, Fetterman, Fossil Butte, Grand Teton<br />
<br />
163) Independence Rock, Medicine Lodge, Names Hill, Ottley, Platte River, Pony Express, Register Cliff, Shoshone, Trail End, Wagon Box, Yellowstone, Yesness<br />
<br />
164) Bannack, Bolin, Calf Creek, Elkhorn, Finley Point, Flathead Lake, Greycliff, Kootenai<br />
<br />
165) Madison River, Rattlesnake Creek, Rosebud, Roundhorn, Sluice Boxes, Spring Meadow, Thompson Falls, Tower Rock<br />
<br />
166) Englischer Garten, Hofbraeuhaus, Isartorplatz, Marienplatz, Odeonsplatz, Olympiapark, Schloss Nymphenburg, Stachus, Viktualienmarkt<br />
<br />
167) Flushing Meadows, Fort Wadsworth, Prospect Park<br />
<br />
168) Breezy Point, Fort Greene, Marine Park, Sunset Park, The Highline<br />
<br />
169) Steeplechase Park, Washington Square Park<br />
<br />
170) Peninsula, Plaza, Ritz Carlton<br />
<br />
171) Gansevoort, SoHo Grand<br />
<br />
172) CBGB, McSorley's, Milk and Honey<br />
<br />
173) Brass Monkey, Burp Castle, Flight 151, Spuyten Duyvil, Zum Schneider<br />
<br />
174) 86th St. Starbucks, Apollo, Baker Field, Cloisters, Cotton Club, Inwood, Washington Heights<br />
<br />
175) Belvedere Castle, Bethesda Fountain<br />
<br />
176) Delacorte Theatre, Great Lawn, Harlem Meer, Riverside Park<br />
<br />
177) Alice Tully Hall, Columbus Circle, Lincoln Center, Metropolitan Opera, NY Philharmonic, Sheep Meadow, Strawberry Fields, Tavern on the Green<br />
<br />
178) Empire State, Radio City, Rockefeller Center<br />
<br />
179) Battery Park, City Hall, Geo NY, Shake Shack, South Street Seaport, Wall Street<br />
<br />
180) Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Coney Island, D.U.M.B.O., Williamsburg<br />
<br />
181) Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Avalon, Cape May<br />
<br />
182) Hoboken, Hohokus, Long Beach Island, Manasquan, The Meadowlands<br />
<br />
183) Pine Barrens, Point Pleasant, Princeton<br />
<br />
184) Ridgefield, Spring Lake, Wawa, Wildwood<br />
<br />
185) Sakura, Valentine, Warhol<br />
<br />
186) Bastille, Braille, Einstein, Hitchcock, Opera, Ray Charles<br />
<br />
187) Huo, Mu, Shui, Tu<br />
<br />
188) Rabbit, Goat, Ox, Tiger<br />
<br />
189) Gong, Shang<br />
<br />
190) Ba Jiao, Chen Si, Kai Xin, Qi Xiang, Tan Shou, Tuo Ta, Zuo Lu<br />
<br />
191) Bai Lu, Chun Fen, Dong Zhi, Li Chun, Li Qiu, Li Xia, Mang Zhong, Qiu Fen, Xiao Shu, Xia Zhi<br />
<br />
192) Han, Jin, Ming, Qin, Sui, Tang, Xia, Zhou<br />
<br />
193) Li Ji, Shang Shu, Zhou Yi<br />
<br />
194) Chang Ban Po, Ding Jun Shan, Long Zhong Dui, Qun Ying Hui, Tong Que Tai, Wo Long Gang<br />
<br />
195) Hai Wang Xing, Huo Xing, Jin Xing, Shui Xing, Tian Wang Xing, Tu Xing<br />
<br />
196) Diagon Alley, Gringotts, Hogwarts, Platform 9 3/4<br />
<br />
197) Area 51, Batcave, Black Widow, Centipede, Chupacabra, Coyote, Gila Monster, Killer Bee, Ocelot, Rattlesnake, Road Runner, Ruby, Scorpion, Snowbird, Summer Picnic, Tarantula<br />
<br />
198) Bob Dog, Chef Edgar Cooke, Daniel Striped Tiger, Donkey Hodie, Dr Duckbill Platypus, Harriet Elizabeth Cow, Henrietta Pussycat, King Friday XIII, Lady Elaine Fairchilde, Mister Rogers, Neighborhood of Make Believe, Prince Tuesday, Purple Panda, Queen Sara Saturday, X the Owl<br />
<br />
199) Bob, Bobek<br />
<br />
200) Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Arthur Ashe, Booker T. Washington, Ella Fitzgerald, George C. Scott, Kate Smith, Lewis And Clark, Patsy Cline, Pearl Bailey<br />
<br />
201) Autorama, Bambole, Domino, Falcon, Forte Apache, Genius, Pense Bem, Peteca, Piao, Playmobil, Pogoball<br />
<br />
202) Abrolhos, Ipanema, Iracema, Itaunas, Maresias, Ponta d'Areia<br />
<br />
203) Asteroids, Castlevania, Centipede, Contra, Donkey Kong, DOOM, Double Dragon, Dragon's Lair, Excitebike, Final Fantasy, Frogger, Galaga, Gauntlet, Golden Tee, Grand Theft Auto, Half Life, Halo, Joust, Madden, Metroid, Mortal Kombat, Ms. Pac Man, Pac Man, Paperboy, Pong, Punch Out!, Qbert, Rampage, Resident Evil, Sonic, Space Invaders, Street Fighter, Super Mario Bros., Tecmo Bowl, Tetris, The Horseshoe, Tron<br />
<br />
204) ABC, Zelda<br />
<br />
205) Center of the Universe, Dubliner, Matador, Prost, Red Door, War Room<br />
<br />
206) Cirrus, Cumulus, Hail, Monsoon, Purple Haze, Showers, Snow, Sprinkle, Squall, Stratus, Thunderstorm, Umbrella<br />
<br />
207) Alki, Bumbershoot, Burke Gilman, Canal, Chinook, Fish Market, Floating Bridges, Gasworks, Hammering Man, Houseboat, Interurban, Kingdome, Locks, Mighty O, Monorail, Pike, Pioneer, Red Hook, Seafair, Shilshole, Solstice, Space Needle<br />
<br />
208) Abba, Acasia, Baekje, Balhae, Beethoven, Chosun, Daisy, Fresia, Gaudi, Gaya, Goguryeo, Goryo, Hwangjiny, Isadora Duncan, Jiphyunjoun, Lily, Picasso, Shakespeare, Silla<br />
<br />
209) Charmed, Dharma & Greg, Doris Day Show, Falcon Crest, First Years, Full House, Girls Club, Half & Half, Hooperman, Ironside, Journey Man, Life and Times of Juniper Lee, Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, McMillan and Wife, Midnight Caller, Monk, My Sister Sam, MythBusters, Nash Bridges, Party of Five, Phyllis, Sliders, Streets of SF, Suddenly Susan, That's So Raven, The Lineup, The Real World, Too Close for Comfort, Top Chef, Trapper John M.D., Twins, Wolf<br />
<br />
210) American Graffiti, Barbary Coast, Basic Instinct, Birdman of Alcatraz, Bullitt, Days of Wine and Roses, Dirty Harry, Flower Drum Song, Harold and Maude, Innerspace, Magnum Force, Maltese Falcon, Matrix Revolutions, Metro, Mrs. Doubtfire, Murder In The First, Sister Act, So I Married an Axe Murderer, Star Trek 4, The Birds, The Fan, The Rock, Vertigo, X Men<br />
<br />
211) Balboa Terrace, Bret Harte, Buena Vista, Castro, Cayuga, Cole Valley, Diamond Heights, Dogpatch, Duboce Triangle, Eureka Valley, Excelsior, Fairmount, Financial District, Forest Hill, Forest Knolls, Glen Park, Haight Ashbury, Hayes Valley, Holly Park, Hunters Point, Lakeshore, Laurel Heights, Lincoln Park, Lone Mountain, Marina, Mission, Nob Hill, Noe Valley, Portola, Presidio, Soma, St. Francis Wood, Sunset, Sutro Heights, Tenderloin<br />
<br />
212) Chen Huang Miao, Da Guang Ming, Da Shi Jie, Dian Shan Hu, Lu Zhi, Nan Xun, Paramount, Shi Ku Men, Shi Liu Pu, The Bund, Tong Li, Wu Zhen, Xi Tang, Zhou Zhuang<br />
<br />
213) Aiyoyo, Apa Kabar, Bo Chup, Chao, Kiasu, Kumusta, Nihao, Paiseh, Sawaddee, Selamat<br />
<br />
214) Hermosa, Huntington, Jaws, Laguna, Manhattan, Newport, Redondo<br />
<br />
215) Baywatch, Cast Away, Malibu, Paradise Cove, Sunset, Ventura, Zuma<br />
<br />
216) Brown Derby, Coconut Grove, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Pig and Whistle<br />
<br />
217) La Monica Ballroom, Pacific Plunge, Pier Aquarium, Rusty's Surf Ranch, Uncomfortable Triangle, Whack A Mole<br />
<br />
218) Bait & Tackle, Hippodrome, Mini Golf, Sea Dragon, Skee Ball, Spill the Milk<br />
<br />
219) Alfred, Katthult, Vimmerby<br />
<br />
220) Benois, Montferrand, Rastrelli, Rossi, St. Petersburg<br />
<br />
221) Atlant, Fontanka, Moika, Sphinx, Strelka<br />
<br />
222) Hulk Hogan, Wrestlemania<br />
<br />
223) Lychee, Mango<br />
<br />
224) Melbourne, Sydney<br />
<br />
225) Appropriately, Between, Jest, Denial, Hale, Mates, Sane, Side, Spired, Stead, Tense, Venting, Voice, Voluntarily<br />
<br />
226) Beachley, McGrath, Webb<br />
<br />
227) Bradbury, Bradman, Brock, Campese, Camplin, Cuthbert, Doohan, Fraser, Freeman, Gaze, Goolagong, Gould, Kewell, Lewis Sydney, Lillee, Perkins, Rafter, Strickland<br />
<br />
228) Bison, Black Bear, Elk, Mountain Lion, Pika, Pronghorn, Red Tail Hawk<br />
<br />
229) Bee Hive, Big Horn Sheep, Chipmunk, Critters, Marmot, Owl, Prairie Dog, Trout<br />
<br />
230) Agam, Alterman, Ben Yehuda, Kadishman, Levin<br />
<br />
231) Bialik, Einstein, Geva, Kishon, Shemer, Spinoza<br />
<br />
232) Ayame, Hagi, Renge, Sakura, Tsubaki, Ume<br />
<br />
233) Africa, Bali, Blue, Green, Hawaii, Jamaica, Red, Tatami, Yellow<br />
<br />
234) Akashi, Eawase, Hanano en, Kagaribi, Kashiwagi, Kiritsubo, Kobai, Matsukaze, Niono miya, UX Lab<br />
<br />
235) Fumizuki, Hazuki, Kannazuki, Kisaragi, Minazuki, Mutsuki, Nagatsuki, Satsuki, Yayoi<br />
<br />
236) Canadian Club, Center Ice, Lake Louise, Peggy's Cove, The Lighthouse, The Stampede, Tremblant<br />
<br />
237) Alishan, Chitou, Dabajianshan, Eluanbi, Sun Moon Lake, Taroko, Yehliu, Yushan<br />
<br />
238) Bianca, Cordelia, Cressida, Ophelia<br />
<br />
239) The Cabinet Room, The Cloakroom, The Oval, The Rose Garden, The Secret Undisclosed Location, The Situation Room, The Smoke Filled Room, The South Lawn, The Treaty Room<br />
<br />
240) Asungaq, Chu, Deniigi, Kanut, Mequssuk, Nannuraluk, Nini, Ookpik, Qigiq, Tarralikitak<br />
<br />
241) Korniszon, Sledzik<br />
<br />
242) Atomek, Bolek, Filemon, Gucio, Koralgol, Krecik, Lolek, Maja, Muchomorek, Plastus, Reksio, Romek, Rumcajs, Tola, Tytus, Uszatek<br />
<br />
243) And, Enjoy, Share<br />
<br />
244) Bandura, Bleeding Gums Murphy, ENIAC, Patty, Santa's Little Helper, Selma, Sideshow Bob<br />
<br />
245) Chief Wiggum, Itchy, Mayor Quimby, Milhouse, Scratchy, Shelbyville, Snowball 1, Snowball 2<br />
<br />
246) Acapulco, Bondi, Cancun, Copacabana, Rimini, Tenerife, Waikiki<br />
<br />
247) Agadir, Blackpool, Cardinal, Hirnibraeu, Ipanema, Ittinger, Turbinenbraeu<br />
<br />
248) Calanda, Eichhof, Feldschloesschen, Hubertus, Huerlimann, Loewenbraeu, Schuetzengarten, Waedibraeu, Warteck<br />
<br />
249) Alaris Prime, Alderaan, Corellia, Han Solo, Kaja Sinis, Kamino, Kethor, Senali, Tilnes, Tritus, Uffel, Yoda<br />
<br />
250) Ando Prime, Boz Pity, Naboo, Taris, Tatooine<br />
<br />
251) Blueberry, Blue Chip, Blue Jeans, Blue Penguin, Blue Sky, Bluetooth, Curacao, Deep Blue, Smurf, The Blues<br />
<br />
252) Forest, Granny Smith, Greenfield, Greenstone, Greenwood, Greeny, Kiwi, Peas<br />
<br />
253) Green Card, Greenhouse, Green Keeper, Green Pepper, Green Tea, Greenwich, Grinch, Ireland, Leprechaun, Shamrock<br />
<br />
254) Chagall, Dali, Duerer, Kelly, Klimt, Luongo, Nikita<br />
<br />
255) Dodgeball, Five Ball, Oranje<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-14888274947198184862011-07-11T15:30:00.003-04:002011-07-11T15:31:11.294-04:00Cognitive milestonesMy grandson Dorian is now just past three, and he has very recently achieved two major cognitive milestones.<br />
<br />
On the one hand, he now can say that the person he sees in the mirror or the looped-back video camera is <i>himself</i>. I saw him just yesterday standing in front of a full-length mirror on the floor and saying "A picture of Dorian!" On the other hand, he now will come up to an adult and say "You need to change my diaper!" when he has pooped in it. Both of these are very significant advances over just a month ago.<br />
<br />
Until now, Dorian could pass the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_test">mirror test</a> (like humans and other great apes, dolphins, killer whales, and magpies) in the sense that he showed recognition of himself in a mirror. But he did not verbally acknowledge it, though he liked seeing such images and would laugh when shown one. I should think that the second milestone is also available to apes, who don't have language as we do (even the ones trained in sign language never ask questions, or tell us what they think, for example) but are capable of manipulating complex symbols to make demands.John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-17811484920068735342011-05-17T17:15:00.005-04:002020-02-02T23:38:40.034-05:00The Final, Complete, Authoritative List of Self-Describing Linguistic ExpressionsNote: I did not make up any of these wonderful terms. <br />
<br />
ablout, adjectival, adjective postpositive, adverbially, affrichation, agglutinatinglanguagetype, analogician, anapityxis, ancicipation, anology, apfrication, aphas..., apocop, aprothesis, archaisme, assimination, asssibilation, Attattic reduplication, atticipatory assimilation, attriction, awwoxiwant, breakieng, comparativer, compēsatory lengthening (Greek first compeenatory lengthening, Greek second compeesatory lengthening), compound-formation, condamination, conjunction and/or disjunction, cpoatricpulated stocp, daigraeph, debuccalihation, derivationalizationalize, devoicink, dialuctal form, diephthoungiezaitioun, digræph, diminutivito, dithsimilation, diäeresis, driss raising, duplication, díäçrîtič, e grede, ebleut, epenethesis, <i>esdrújula</i>, /fəˈnimɪk/, final devoicink, finix, fixsuf, foicelhess, folk at-a-mall-oh-gee/folk ate-a-mology/folk-entomology, foneme, frapped r, frixathiv, frönting, [fəˈnɛtʰɪk], gemminnattion, genitive’s, gerund, gerundive, Ghrassman's Lhaw, gloʔʔalization, græ:t vu:l shift, haplogy, haspʰiration, he-uh-sitation, infuckingfixation, irregular plurali, Krimm's Law, lenizhion, lexeme, lharyngeal, lip-wownding, lithping, loan mot, loan translation, lubualuvatium, metasethis/methatesis, metophony, mon, monophthong, morph-eme-s, mprenasalization, nansal infinx, nasal spirat law, nominalization, noun, noun phrase, NP[ADJ[labeled]ADJ N[bracketing]N]NP, nãsąlĩzątĩǫn, o grod, paragogee, perreveratory addimilation, pheresis, pentasyllabic, portition, positionpost, ppoggessive addimilation, pre-fixed, pro clitic, <i>proparoxítona</i>, phetic, polysyllabic, pyalatyalizyation, rean alysis, reduced grud, redup-reduplication, relick form, rerressive assimilation, rhotarism, rules of redundancy rules, schwə, sfirathization, sibboleth, spelling pronounciation, ssssound ssssymbolism, stigmartize' fohm, suffix-ed, superlativissimus, svarabhakati, sync'pe, teefoicink, t-fuckin'-mesis, the first Kermanih sount shifth, the sekonz Kermanich sountz shiftz, thetamesis, to back formate, triephthouong, ttl vwl rdctn, ümlaut, verbed, vocawization, voizing, vowol harmono, weagening, word, zr grd, ηugment.<br />
<br />
My personal favorite is "vowol harmono".John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11807812.post-1119299065930375982011-05-07T15:31:00.003-04:002021-01-12T13:24:05.991-05:00Stories in related languages<p><i>The Fisherman and His Wife</i></p>
<p>Here are multiple versions of the familiar (or if isn't familiar, read it!) Grimm's fairy tale in different closely related languages. You can probably find more if you try.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Von_den_Fischer_und_siine_Fru_(1812)">Low Saxon original</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm019.html">English</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.scots-online.org/reader/the_brithers_grimm.php">Scots</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.beleven.org/verhaal/van_de_visser_en_zijn_vrouw">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.maerchen.net/classic/g-fischer-frau.htm">Standard German</a></li><li><a href="https://www.grimmstories.com/da/grimm_eventyr/fiskeren_og_hans_kone">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.eldrbarry.net/rabb/folk/fshwfe.htm">American (cultural)</a></li>
</ul>
<p>More translations can be found starting at <a href="https://www.grimmstories.com/en/grimm_fairy-tales/the_fisherman_and_his_wife">this English version</a> (follow the links at the top). There's also a <a href="http://lib.ru/LITRA/PUSHKIN/p3.txt">Russian translation in verse</a> by Pushkin, no less! Search on that page for "СКАЗКА О РЫБАКЕ И РЫБКЕ", about two-thirds of the way down.</p>
<p>Between all of those one ought to be able to make out what's going on. For extra thrills, try reading one of the languages you don't know.</p>
<p>For lagniappe, here's the four-line verse the fisherman uses to invoke the fish
(the Standard German translation does not translate it):</p><p>Mandje! Mandje! Timpe Te!<br />Mandje! Mandje! Timpe Te!<br />Mannie, mannie, Timpee Tee,<br />Mannetje, mannetje, Timpe Te,<br />Flynder lille, flynder god,<br />Fishy, fishy, in the creek</p>
<p>Buttje! Buttje in de See!<br />
Flounder, flounder, in the sea!<br />
Fleukie, fleukie in the sea,<br />
Botje, botje in de zee,<br />stig op til mig af havets flod,<br />My wife's been nagging at me all week</p>
<p>Mine Fru, de Ilsebill,<br />
My wife, her name is Ilsebill,<br />
Ma lief wife the Iseabail<br /><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14.3px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">mijn vrouwtje die heet Ilsebil,<br /></span></span>for min hustru Isabil<br />She says she doesn't want a lot</p>
<p>Will nich so, as ick wol will.<br />
Wants not, wants not, what I will<br />Winna dae as A her tell.<br />ze wil niet zoals ik wil.<br />vil meget mere end jeg vil.<br />But she's not happy with what we got. </p>
<p><i>"Kannitverstan"</i></p>
<p>Johann Peter Hebel's classic 1809 tale "Kannitverstan" is about the moral reflections that mutual incomprehension can arouse in a young German from Württemberg who is in Amsterdam for the first time (based on a true story dating from 1757) :</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Kannitverstan">German original</a></li>
<li><a href="http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/hebel.htm">English</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nederlands.nl/nedermap/proza/proza/106007.html">Dutch</a></li>
</ul>
<p><b>Update:</b> Links refreshed, Dutch and Russian added.<br /><b>Another update:</b> fixed formatting, added Danish</p>John Cowanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11452247999156925669noreply@blogger.com3